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Hyponatraemia


The normal serum sodium level is 135–145 mmol/L. Hyponatraemia refers to serum sodium levels of <135 mmol/L, and serum sodium of <120 mmol/L is considered severe.

Causes

Hypovolaemic

  • ●

    Gastrointestinal losses

    • ●

      Diarrhoea

    • ●

      Vomiting

    • ●

      Enterocutaneous fistula

  • ●

    Renal sodium losses

    • ●

      Diuretics

    • ●

      Osmotic diuresis (e.g. hyperglycaemia)

    • ●

      Renal failure

  • ●

    Other sodium losses

    • ●

      Burns

    • ●

      Ascites

    • ●

      Crush injuries

    • ●

      Peritonitis

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