Risk comes from not knowing what you’re doing. Warren Buffett I Risks and Benefits of Surgery 1. Whether it is a life-saving liver transplant or a cosmetic procedure, surgical intervention offers some benefit to the patient, at the risk of…
Wound healing is a complex process, and every surgeon should have an understanding of the basic principles and ways to maximize healing. I Phases of Wound Healing A Hemostasis (5–10 Minutes Post Injury) 1. Begins with endothelial injury and subsequent…
Let thy food be thy medicine and let thy medicine be thy food. Hippocrates I Nutrition Basics 1. There are three sources of nutrition (normally, carbohydrates and fat provide 85% of daily energy expenditure, with protein supplying 15%). 2. Glucose…
The living organism does not really exist in the milieu exterior, but in the liquid milieu interior formed by circulating organic liquid. Claude Bernard I Basic Physiology A Body Fluid Composition 1. Total body water (TBW) a. Composed of intracellular…
I Introduction and Initial Contact 1. The history and physical examination are an integral aspect of patient care. Many diagnoses can be confirmed or refuted with a carefully obtained history. The physical examination can also direct further need for other…
Definition Atrial isomerism is a condition in which the right-sided and left-sided atria, normally morphologically different, are morphologically similar. 1 Thus, left atrial isomerism and right atrial isomerism can occur. Atrial isomerism is a specific phenotypic feature highly associated with…
Definition Anatomically corrected malposition is an anomaly in the position of the great arteries but not in cardiac connections. Thus, there is atrioventricular (AV) and ventriculoarterial (VA) concordant connection as in the normal heart, but the aortic origin lies to…
Definition Double inlet ventricle is a congenital cardiac malformation in which both atria connect to only one ventricular chamber by either two separate atrioventricular (AV) valves or a common AV valve. Closely related to double inlet ventricle are cardiac malformations…
Section I Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries Definition Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries is a congenital cardiac anomaly with ventriculoarterial discordant connection (transposition of the great arteries) and atrioventricular (AV) discordant connection, the right atrium connecting to…
Definition Double outlet left ventricle (DOLV) is a cardiac anomaly in which both great arteries arise from the left ventricle (LV). 1 The great arteries are assigned to one or the other ventricle by the rules described under Definition in…