Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) can be used to obtain images of the heart in any plane. Thus to define normal anatomy and function, it is useful to define standard imaging planes to develop knowledge of normal anatomy, anatomic variants, and…
The first dedicated cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) clinical services opened in the United States in mid-1990s. Since that time, CMR imaging has become routine at most academic medical centers, with a number of centers now running multiple CMR scanners dedicated…
The development of ultrahigh field magnetic resonance (UHF-MR, B 0 ≥ 7 T, f ≥ 298 MHz) is moving forward at an amazing speed that is breaking through technical barriers almost as fast as they appear. UHF-MR has become an engine for…
Clinical cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) had been in use for nearly 35 years and has become firmly established in the evaluation of congenital heart disease (CHD) in many ways, including anatomy, physiology, ventricular function, blood flow, and tissue characterization. In…
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has gained popularity over the last decade because of its excellent soft tissue imaging capability and superior spatial resolution as well as lack of ionizing radiation. These properties have led to expanded indications for MRI. At…
During the last three decades, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has developed into an important diagnostic clinical tool in cardiology. Not only the anatomy of the heart but also its function, metabolism, and perfusion, as well as the coronary arteries, can…
Introduction Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging uses the 1 H nucleus in water (H 2 O) and fat (CH 2 and CH 3 groups) molecules as its only signal source, and therefore offers little insight into the biochemical state of…
Myocardial Oxygenation: Supply Versus Demand Under physiologic conditions, myocardial blood flow (MBF), myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO 2 ), and myocardial mechanics are intimately related. Therefore it is not surprising that the key disease processes involving the heart manifest from imbalances…
Respiration has been shown to be an important factor influencing the quality of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) images. In addition to cardiac motion, which can be addressed reasonably well by electrocardiographic (ECG) triggering, respiratory motion moves the position and distorts…
The idea of mapping measurements of blood flow onto a magnetic resonance (MR) image was first discussed in an article by Singer in 1978. The methods that followed could generally be categorized into time-of-flight (TOF) or phase shift types and…