Background The earliest descriptions referencing the management of mandible fractures date back to Ancient Egypt (1650 BC) in which the pathology was described as incurable, inevitably resulting in infectious complications, and leading ultimately to demise. Hippocrates would revolutionize the management…
Background Injury to the midface can have significant aesthetic and functional sequelae. The bony skeleton serves as a framework that aids in respiratory, ocular, vocal, olfactory, and digestive functions. Normal anatomy and symmetry of the midface is integral to social…
Background Because of its prominent position, the zygoma is one of the more frequently injured facial bones. The zygomatic bone is an essential structure of the midface and serves as a foundation, contributing greatly to both form and function. Fractures…
Background The naso-orbito-ethmoid (NOE) region of the central face is defined by the orbits laterally, the glabella superiorly and the nose inferiorly. It is a particularly challenging region of the face to reconstruct due to its aesthetic prominence, its 3-dimensional…
Background Nasal bone fractures are the most common type of facial bone fracture, accounting for at least half of all adult facial fractures. The annual incidence of nasal bone fracture ranges from 0.053% to 0.37%, with peak incidence in adolescence…
Background Orbital fractures are among the most common facial fractures, and their associated cost to the healthcare system has been on the rise. Surgical repair of orbital fractures has been shown to add a day of hospitalization and an average…
Background The paranasal sinuses are aerated spaces in the middle and upper third of the face that develop during the first and second decades of life in the frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid bones. The theoretical role of these structures…
Background The frontal sinus is protected by thick cortical bone. High-velocity impacts can result in frontal sinus fracture and brain injury. These complex injuries pose many surgical challenges and can be associated with long-term sequelae such as mucocele and meningitis.…
Background History The description, diagnosis, and management of skull base cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks has a long, controversial history dating back to the first report of this entity in the 17th century by Bidloo. In his report, the Dutch surgeon…
Introduction The field of facial paralysis provides the reconstructive surgeon an incredible opportunity to help patients with what is undoubtedly a devastating injury. The field intricately involves restoration of function, form, and even emotion, demanding that the surgeon use a…