The force required to fracture the temporal bone is substantial and can lead to vascular injury, hearing loss, vertigo or imbalance, facial nerve injury, and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) leaks. This chapter will discuss the epidemiology of temporal bone trauma,…
The Problem The mandible is a complex structure involved in many functions. It is a hoop-like bone which gives form to the lower face. It supports the lower teeth, tongue, lips, and some of the muscles of facial expression. Through…
Background Approximately 11%–50% of all facial fractures and 30%–40%% of all mandibular fractures (MFs) are fractures of the mandibular condyle. Most are not caused by direct trauma, but follow indirect forces transmitted to the condyle from a blow elsewhere, usually…
Background The earliest descriptions referencing the management of mandible fractures date back to Ancient Egypt (1650 BC) in which the pathology was described as incurable, inevitably resulting in infectious complications, and leading ultimately to demise. Hippocrates would revolutionize the management…
Background Injury to the midface can have significant aesthetic and functional sequelae. The bony skeleton serves as a framework that aids in respiratory, ocular, vocal, olfactory, and digestive functions. Normal anatomy and symmetry of the midface is integral to social…
Background Because of its prominent position, the zygoma is one of the more frequently injured facial bones. The zygomatic bone is an essential structure of the midface and serves as a foundation, contributing greatly to both form and function. Fractures…
Background The naso-orbito-ethmoid (NOE) region of the central face is defined by the orbits laterally, the glabella superiorly and the nose inferiorly. It is a particularly challenging region of the face to reconstruct due to its aesthetic prominence, its 3-dimensional…
Background Nasal bone fractures are the most common type of facial bone fracture, accounting for at least half of all adult facial fractures. The annual incidence of nasal bone fracture ranges from 0.053% to 0.37%, with peak incidence in adolescence…
Background Orbital fractures are among the most common facial fractures, and their associated cost to the healthcare system has been on the rise. Surgical repair of orbital fractures has been shown to add a day of hospitalization and an average…
Background The paranasal sinuses are aerated spaces in the middle and upper third of the face that develop during the first and second decades of life in the frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid bones. The theoretical role of these structures…