Background The replacement of missing structures in the head and neck region has been a concern for many centuries, with the fabrication of maxillofacial prosthetic restorations being mentioned since the 16th century, with the first mention often credited to Ambroise…
Background The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex and unique joint unlike any other joint in the body, with both translational and rotational function, and repetitive complex movement patterns to accommodate the functions of speech, mastication, and swallowing. For these…
Background Unless there has been a loss of substance of portions of the maxilla and mandible, most traumatic disruptions of the maxilla and mandible are well corrected by placing the patient in the pretraumatic dental occlusion, plating the fractured segments…
Background Secondary deformities resulting from complications in treating craniofacial injuries, specifically the midface, occur even when treated by experienced surgeons. Following proper surgical principles and recognizing the potential functional and aesthetic sequelae limits many complications. Ideal primary reconstruction is not…
Background Persistent enophthalmos and diplopia following primary orbital reconstruction lead to unsatisfactory aesthetic and functional outcomes, respectively. Diplopia after surgical repair of orbital fractures has been reported in 8%–52% of patients, while clinically significant enophthalmos has been reported in 27%.…
Background Nasal bone fractures are the most common type of facial fracture, and the third most common fracture of the human skeleton. Nasal trauma is often the result of motor vehicle collisions, sports-related injuries, altercations, and falls. The annual incidence…
Background High-energy midfacial trauma commonly results in naso-orbito-ethmoid (NOE) fractures, which present some of the greatest diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in facial trauma reconstruction. Fractures of the nasoethmoid region are defined as a midface fracture resulting in lateral displacement of…
Background Approximately 2.4 million eye injuries occur each year. Ocular and periocular trauma can occur by a variety of mechanisms, some of the most common including assault and blunt trauma, motor vehicle collisions, gunshot, fireworks, and falls. The cumulative lifetime…
Despite the craniofacial surgeon's best efforts to minimize soft tissue disruption, secondary scarring and deformity are not infrequent following the treatment of facial injuries. These deformities may arise as a consequence of the trauma itself or may be an iatrogenic…
Background Pediatric head trauma is a major source of morbidity, resulting in 600,000 emergency room visits annually within the United States. Between 10% and 30% of head traumas are associated with calvarial fractures, and of those greater than 50% have…