Psychopharmacology is the first-line treatment for several child and adolescent psychiatric disorders (e.g., ADHD, schizophrenia, bipolar) and is used adjunctively with psychosocial treatments for other disorders (or coexisting conditions), including anxiety, depression, autism spectrum, tic, trauma-related, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Although…
It is estimated that 20% of children living in the United States experience a mental illness in a given year, at a cost of almost $14 billion. In children, mental illness is more prevalent than leukemia, diabetes, and AIDS combined;…
Basics of Sleep and Chronobiology Sleep, with its counterpart of wakefulness, is a highly complex and intricately regulated neurobiologic system that both influences and is influenced by all physiologic systems in the body, as well as by the environment and…
All children will experience involuntary separations, whether from illness, death, or other causes, from loved ones at some time in their lives. Relatively brief separations of children from their parents, usually produce minor transient effects, but more enduring and frequent…
In the United States, approximately half of all children under the age of 3 yr and 60–75% of children age 3-5 yr had at least 1 regular nonparental childcare arrangement in 2012. Young children of employed mothers spend on average 36 hr per…
In healthy development, a child will acquire new skills beginning prenatally and extending into at least young adulthood. The roots of this acquisition of skills lie in the development of the nervous system, with additional influences from the health status…
Growth can be considered a vital sign in children, and aberrant growth may be the first sign of an underlying pathologic condition. The most powerful tool in growth assessment is the growth chart ( Fig. 23.1, Fig. 23.2, Fig. 25.1…
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Middle childhood (6-11 yr of age) is the period in which children increasingly separate from parents and seek acceptance from teachers, other adults, and peers. Children begin to feel under pressure to conform to the style and ideals of the peer…
The emergence of language and exposure of children to an expanding social sphere represent the critical milestones for children ages 2-5 yr. As toddlers, children learn to walk away and come back to the secure adult or parent. As preschoolers, they…