Introduction The disorders included in this chapter are grouped under the heading “obstructive lung diseases.” These diseases share the characteristic of increased resistance to airflow, which can be caused by either an increase in the resistance of the conducting airways…
Introduction Drug-induced lung injury is common and can be induced by a wide variety of drugs used for treatment of many different clinical conditions. More than 600 prescribed medications have been reported to cause drug-induced pulmonary toxicity. Adverse drug reactions…
Introduction Exposures to environmental agents can result in a wide spectrum of pulmonary pathologic patterns ( Table 18.1 ). The most common reactions are chronic due to exposure to mineral(s) over a cumulative period and have latencies often exceeding several…
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis—Fact Sheet Definition ▪ Diffuse interstitial granulomatous pneumonitis, caused by exposure to inhaled organic antigens or other particles of small size in susceptible individuals ▪ Large number of syndromes associated with specific triggering agents; major categories of…
Introduction Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias comprise a number of relatively uncommon clinicopathologic entities, which can be distinguished from one another and from other forms of diffuse interstitial lung disease by their clinical, radiologic, and histologic features. The basic approach to diagnosing…
Introduction The unusual bacterial pneumonias described in this chapter are caused by agents that are phylogenetically diverse and reside in a wide variety of locations, ranging from extracellular Mycoplasma attached to respiratory epithelium to obligately intracellular organisms. The obligately intracellular…
Introduction Parasitic infections remain an important cause of pulmonary disease throughout the world, although less frequently encountered in resource-rich countries. The most common protozoal parasite–associated lung diseases throughout the world are caused by Plasmodium falciparum (falciparum malaria) and Toxoplasma gondii…
Introduction Influenza viruses remain the most frequently identified causes of viral infection in the lung, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains a major cause of severe pneumonia in children worldwide and is an increasingly recognized cause of illness in adults…
Introduction Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms that have chitinous cell walls and reproduce asexually, sexually, or both ways. Fungal cells are larger and more complex than bacteria, with cell walls containing polysaccharides, proteins, and sugars. Pulmonary fungal infections typically…
Tuberculosis Tuberculosis—Fact Sheet Definition ▪ Infection caused by MTB Incidence and Location ▪ About one-third of people throughout the world are infected with MTB ▪ Tuberculous disease develops in approximately 10% of infected individuals ▪ Infection is most commonly diagnosed…