Introduction Bacterial infections in the lung can be classified in many different ways, that is, pathogenesis, epidemiology, anatomic distribution (lobar or bronchopneumonia), time course, or etiologic agent. In practice, a combination of these approaches is needed to classify bacterial pneumonias.…
Introduction The term acute lung injury pattern was originally proposed by Katzenstein to encompass the histologic entities of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and the entity previously referred to as bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP), now known as organizing pneumonia…
Introduction The diagnosis and classification of pulmonary vasculitis is a challenging topic because pulmonary vasculitides represent pulmonary manifestations of systemic diseases. Extrapulmonary involvement is, in some cases, a significant source of morbidity and mortality. To further complicate matters, there is…
Introduction Pulmonary vascular diseases encompass a wide range of disorders of the lung. Abnormalities of the pulmonary vasculature not only cause lung disease, but can also result from secondary involvement by nonvascular pulmonary diseases. Many of the primary vascular diseases…
Introduction Primary lung neoplasms in children are rare, occurring much less frequently than congenital malformations, inflammatory masses, and metastatic tumors. In one published review of pulmonary masses at a large pediatric hospital, the ratio of primary neoplasms to metastatic lesions…
Introduction Disorders presenting in neonates and young children comprise a heterogeneous group of conditions that can be divided into two broad categories, entities with a known etiology and those of unknown or poorly understood etiology. The well-characterized disorders include those…
Congenital and developmental disorders of the lung manifest almost exclusively in pediatric and neonatal patients and include a wide array of disorders resulting from abnormalities of lung architecture, cellular function, and metabolism. All of these disorders are uncommon, and most…
Introduction Each of us follows well-established patterns as we go about our daily lives, and in turn we interact with our world through the recognition of patterns: in the people we know, the places we live, and the structures that…
Introduction The lung biopsy is widely recognized as a valuable tool for the diagnosis and management of diverse pulmonary disorders. The various procedures currently in use, such as the open lung biopsy (OLBx), video-assisted thorascopic surgery (VATS) biopsy, and transbronchial…
Normal Anatomy The lungs occupy most of the volume of the thoracic cavity. The average weights of male and female lungs are approximately 850 grams and 750 grams, respectively. The right lung is composed of ten distinct segments comprising three…