Prostate 1) Post-atrophic hyperplasia Differential diagnosis: Atrophic prostatic adenocarcinoma ( Table 5.1 ) Clinical features Post-atrophic hyperplasia (PAH) of the prostate is a benign lesion that may be encountered incidentally or as potential target of directed biopsies after MRI imaging.…
Liver Hepatocellular tumors Focal nodular hyperplasia DDX: Hepatocellular adenoma, well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, regenerative nodule Clinical features Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is the most common benign hepatocellular tumor and is thought to represent a localized, regenerative proliferation of hepatocytes in an…
Gliosis versus glioma Clinical features One of the most challenging differential diagnostic issues in surgical neuropathology is distinguishing between gliosis or reactive astrocytosis and an infiltrating low-grade glioma. Patients with low-grade gliomas may present at any age, although the peak…
Classic (usual-type/HPV-associated) vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia Differential diagnoses: Differentiated (HPV-independent) vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva, and Paget disease Clinical features The term vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) describes non-invasive squamous lesions of the vulva, of which two…
Esophagus Gastroesophageal reflux esophagitis DDX: eosinophilic esophagitis, lymphocytic esophagitis, lichen planus, squamous dysplasia Clinical features Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is very common in Western countries, with a prevalence rate among adults in the United States estimated to be 20% to…
The histopathologic study of infections of the eye and ocular adnexa is a daunting undertaking given the variety of tissues comprising this proportionately small area of the body with extensive exposure to the external environment. Only one previous summary of…
Cutaneous infections are very common and can be caused by a wide variety of different organisms. In addition, it is not uncommon to find involvement of more than one infectious agent affecting the skin, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Following the…
Introduction The central nervous system (CNS) is well protected and separated from the rest of the body by a thick physical barrier, the skull and the spine, and by a finer blood–brain barrier. Therefore infections of the CNS occur by…
The placenta is a fetally derived organ present in the maternal uterus; it has many different functions, including serving as a barrier to infection. Maternal infectious diseases and vaginal colonization can lead to congenital infections if the placental barrier is…
Because the female genital tract comprises both cutaneous and mucosal surfaces in contact with the external environment, exposure to a significant number of infectious agents, either commensal or pathogenic, is the norm. And because the lower genital tract is in…