This chapter is divided into the following four sections: gross and histologic features of the normal kidney, congenital anomalies and cystic diseases, vascular diseases, and tubulointerstitial diseases. An understanding of the normal macroscopic and microscopic features of the kidney is…
Tumors of the urinary bladder include neoplasms of virtually all types of tissue derivation, and the 2004 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the urinary system and male genital organs reflects this diversity ( Table 4-1 ). The…
Anatomy and Histology Located in the pelvis minor, the urinary bladder is shaped like an inverted pyramid. The superior surface, the dome, is covered by peritoneum. The most anterosuperior point, the apex, is where the median umbilical ligament and the…
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Clinical Features Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is a noninvasive neoplastic proliferation of the acinar epithelium that arises within preexisting prostatic acini and ducts. PIN glands have a benign architecture but are lined with cytologically atypical cells characterized…
The Prostate Gland Anatomy and Histology In an adult man without prominent prostatic hyperplasia, the average weight of the prostate gland is approximately 20 to 30 g. The shape of the gland roughly resembles an inverted cone (or prolate ellipsoid…
Adult Ocular Lesions External Lesions Malignant Melanoma of the Conjunctiva Clinical Features † Deceased Usually pigmented (may be amelanotic), nodular, elevated lesion with vascularity, anywhere on conjunctiva Usually mobile, but may be fixed to sclera Indistinct edges More common in…
Diffuse Astrocytic Tumors Diffuse Astrocytomas of Each Grade are Now Divided Into One of Two Diagnostic Categories Based Upon the Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH Gene Mutation Status (IDH Mutant or IDH Wildtype). if the Testing is Not Available or Cannot be…
Heart Cardiomyopathy Clinical Features Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Myocardial disease characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy in the absence of systemic hypertension, aortic valve stenosis, or overt infiltrative diseases Associated with normal systolic function and diastolic dysfunction; systolic dynamic obstruction of the left…
Nodular Fasciitis Clinical Features Primarily affects young adults aged 20 to 40 years; occasionally seen in children Presents as a rapidly growing solitary mass; may be painful Inconsistently associated with recognized previous trauma (10% to 15%) Can involve any site;…
Osteoid Tumors Osteoma Clinical Features Male predominance (2:1 to 3:1) Age ranges from second decade to elderly, with most cases occurring in fourth and fifth decades Occurs most commonly in skull bones, including mandible, maxilla, frontal sinuses, ethmoid sinuses, paranasal…