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Acknowledgments We acknowledge Fotios Paul Tjoumakaris, Anthony Buoncristiani, and James S. Starman, the authors of the previous edition, for their great contribution to this chapter. Introduction Restoration of the native anatomy and performing individualized anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery are…
Introduction Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common in recreational and competitive sporting activities. According to an ongoing study in the United States, an estimated 200,000 ACL reconstructions (ACLRs) are performed annually, and the incidence of ACL injury is roughly…
Introduction The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) consists of two distinct bundles, termed anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL), based on their tibial insertions. Biomechanical studies have shown that both bundles contribute synergistically to knee stability throughout the joint’s range of motion.…
Introduction As the percentage of the pediatric population engaged in organized athletic activity continues to climb, rates of sports-related injuries have increased commensurately. In particular, the rate of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in skeletally immature patients has increased steadily…
Introduction Intrasubstance tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) were once considered a rare injury in skeletally immature athletes; however, they are now observed with increasing frequency. A dramatic rise in youth competitive athletic activity, early sport specialization, year-round training…
Introduction In general, the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in adults has been extensively analyzed. However, this does not stand true for skeletally immature patients. The increasing incidence of such injuries, as well as the substantial spectrum and…
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Introduction Revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery represents a salvage procedure, and the patient should be counseled that the outcome is not likely to be as good as a primary procedure. The goal of surgery is to provide a stable…
Introduction Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a common procedure, with over 100,000 procedures performed annually in patients who have an active lifestyle and who are unable to continue with their activities because of instability. Yet the success rate of…