Essentially, only three methods are currently used for gripping anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts so that they may be fixated to bone: Friction: Fixation is applied either against cancellous bone by an intratunnel interference screw or on the cortex by…
Introduction Interference screws are widely used for graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, and good clinical results have been reported by several investigators. In addition to conventional metal screws, biodegradable interference screws are commercially available and have been…
Introduction Similar outcomes have been reported after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with either a bone–patellar tendon–bone graft or hamstring tendon graft, with no difference in graft rupture rates between the two groups at 10 years in one cohort study.…
Conflict of Interest: The authors report no conflict of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the chapter. Introduction Fractures of the femoral shaft occur after high-energy trauma and are usually seen in the context…
Relevant Anatomy The sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) is a saddle-shaped, diarthrodial synovial joint that provides the only bony articulation between the axial skeleton and upper extremity. It is an important fulcrum for the movement of the shoulder girdle, as translation and…
Subtrochanteric femoral fractures are challenging to manage and differ significantly from both femoral shaft fractures and more proximal femoral injuries in their mechanism, treatment, and complications. The combination of strong muscle forces, high axial and bending loads with normal activities,…
Primary reconstruction of acute femoral neck and intertrochanteric (IT) femur fractures and salvage of failed hip fixation with arthroplasty techniques are becoming more common as the absolute number of fractures involving the hip joint continues to increase. Primary reconstruction in…
Introduction Fractures of the hip have long been held as an injury that is largely a result of altered bone metabolism, which can significantly affect the life of a patient with regard to mortality and function. The recognition of the…
Femoral Head Fractures Femoral head fractures often occur in association with hip dislocations. Eighty-five percent to 90% of hip dislocations are posterior. In the largest series of posterior hip dislocations, the incidence of associated femoral head fracture was 7%. The…
The outcome of a patient with a hip fracture is only partially related to the successful surgical management of the fracture. Many elderly patients have multiple, significant concomitant illnesses. These comorbidities, as well as perioperative complications, significantly impact the patient's…