Definition The eyelids are mobile, flexible, multilamellar structures that cover the globe anteriorly. They protect the ocular surface, spread the precorneal tear film, and help propel tears into the lacrimal drainage system. Anatomically, the eyelids are composed of an anterior…
Definition Strabismus surgery is physical manipulation of the extraocular muscles with the goal of therapeutic benefit. Key Feature The ideal strabismus surgery needs to merge fusional potential garnered through preoperative testing with education about realistic patient expectations and excellent surgical…
Definitions Orthoptics: a wide range of techniques used to expand fusional vergence amplitudes and permit improved single binocular vision. Convergence insufficiency: a deficiency in convergence of the eyes to focus on a near target, causing symptoms such as difficulty reading.…
Definition Amblyopia is diminished vision that results from discordant visual experience during the first years of life when the visual pathways are within the early stages of maturation. Key Features Reduced visual acuity accompanied by an amblyogenic factor, most commonly…
Definition Vertical strabismus not paretic in origin. Key Features Incomitance. Supranuclear or mechanical causation. Introduction The various findings in nonparetic vertical strabismus can be grouped into several clinical entities. All share incomitance as a feature. The causes are multiple and…
Definition Strabismus resulting from partial or complete paralysis of the third, fourth, or sixth cranial nerve. Key Features Incomitance—magnitude of deviation is gaze dependent. Secondary deviation—magnitude of deviation increases when paretic or restricted eye is fixating on a target. Associated…
Definition Strabismus related to ocular torsion. Key Features A- and V-pattern deviations. Oblique muscle overactions and underactions. Torsion of the globe. Introduction Definitions of Inferior Oblique Overaction, Superior Oblique Overaction, A Pattern, and V Pattern “Oblique muscle overaction” and A-…
Definition Divergent misalignment (outward deviation) of the visual axes of the eyes, which may manifest constantly or intermittently. It may be acquired or congenital. Most often its etiology is unknown (primary forms of exotropia), but it may be secondary to…
Infantile Esotropia Definition Inward deviation of the visual axes, with an onset before 6 months of age. Infantile Esotropia Key Features Esotropia greater than 30Δ present before 6 months. Cross-fixation. Little or no binocular vision. Normal refractive error for age.…
Definition Suppression: Cortical synaptic inhibition preventing conscious appreciation of diplopia and visual confusion in patients with strabismus. Anomalous correspondence: Cortical adaptation to early-onset, long-standing, stable-angle strabismus that permits crude binocular vision. Monofixation syndrome: A form of anomalous binocular vision featuring…