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You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition The use of neuromodulators to adjust the power of muscles of facial expression has become the most popular aesthetic treatment worldwide. Changing the contours of the aging face with the use of three-dimensional fillers is a powerful adjunctive treatment.…
Definition Surgeries to correct changes in the eyelids and forehead area that are secondary to aging and manifest by redundancy and displacement of tissues. The most important procedures include upper and lower eyelid blepharoplasty and brow elevation. Key Features Facial…
Definition: Inflammation or infection of the orbital contents. Key Features Signs of inflammation include redness (eyelids and/or conjunctiva), swelling (proptosis, eyelid swelling, and conjunctival chemosis), pain (not always), and loss of function (reduced ocular motility, loss of vision). Differentiating infection…
Definition: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an orbital autoimmune process associated with autoimmune thyroid disorders that causes inflammation and expansion and fibrosis of orbital fat and striated muscle, resulting in cosmetic and functional morbidity. Key Features Approximately 50% of patients…
Definition The tear drainage system of the eye consists of the lacrimal puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. It serves to transport tears from the eye and conjunctival sac to the nose. The eyelids also form an important component…