Introduction The consequences of stroke can be chronically disabling and overall represents the leading cause of long-term disability . A greater understanding of the mechanisms of stroke recovery will facilitate clinical, pharmacologic, and cell-based approaches to stroke recovery and rehabilitation.…
Introduction Reductions in stroke incidence and mortality are ongoing in the United States; however, the burden of stroke remains high for women. Stroke is the third leading cause of death for women, and roughly 60% of stroke deaths in the…
Introduction Aging is the primary, nonmodifiable risk factor for cerebrovascular disease (CVD). Two of the most detrimental diseases related to aged cerebrovascular dysfunction are stroke and vascular dementia. Aging is associated with changes to the immune system, neural networks, and…
Introduction Diabetes is an endocrine disease with devastating vascular consequences . In the cerebrovasculature, accelerated atherosclerosis of the large vessels is believed to contribute to complications, such as stroke and transient ischemic attacks. There is growing body of evidence that…
Acknowledgments Work summarized in this chapter was supported by research grants from the National Institute of Health (HL-62984, HL-113863, NS-09465), the Department of Veteran’s Affairs (BX001399), the Fondation Leducq (Transatlantic Network of Excellence), and the National Health and Medical Research…
Spreading depolarizations (SDs) are recurrent waves of intense neuronal and glial depolarization that develop in apparently spontaneous fashion in ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, and trauma. Although Leão first described spreading depression, an SD wave in normal (i.e., uninjured) brain, in…
Introduction Cerebral edema is a buildup of fluid in the brain. It occurs after brain ischemia and different types of cerebral hemorrhage, as well as other conditions such as traumatic brain injury and brain neoplasms. It is a major clinical…
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant NS081179. Ischemic stroke triggers an inflammatory response in the affected area, which progresses for days to weeks after the onset of symptoms. The inflammatory reaction involves both tissue…
Introduction Poststroke neuroinflammation contributes to the delayed phase of neuronal cell death in the penumbra following cerebral ischemia . Therefore antiinflammatory strategies that would seek to inhibit the direct effects of inflammation on neuronal homeostasis have been the focus of…
Cerebral ischemia is a complex injury process that results in damage to both gray matter and white matter. White matter accounts for up to half of the stroke lesion volume in the central nervous system (CNS), with 20% of strokes…