Introduction Venous infarction of brain comprises only 1% of all strokes . Many predisposing conditions such as dehydration, coagulopathies, pregnancy, trauma, surgical interventions, inherited collagen disorders, and autoimmune vascular diseases may result in cerebral vein thrombosis. Fortunately not all of…
Introduction Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reflects pathology in the brain, and is essential in diagnosis of many neurological diseases, including those due to inflammation, infection, and immunological processes. CSF indicates pathological processes because of the continuity of the brain interstitial fluid…
Introduction The maintenance of the interstitial compartment is a basic element of an organ’s function that is of utmost importance in the brain, given neural cells’ exquisite sensitivity to changes in their extracellular environment. In peripheral tissues, interstitial fluid (ISF)…
Introduction Research on microcirculation has led to an unprecedented progress with help of amazing developments in imaging technology. It is now possible to image capillaries with high resolution down to the depths of cortex, measure O 2 saturation and tension…
Introduction The adult human brain represents about 2% of total body weight, but receives nearly 15% of total resting cardiac output. Under normal conditions, the brain is highly perfused and is extremely sensitive to any change or interruption in its…
Newborn EEG interpretation is considered a particularly challenging area. An understanding of the appearance of the normal newborn EEG was achieved considerably later than for EEGs of childhood and adulthood. In fact, before the 1960s, it was not generally accepted…
The term coma refers to a state in which a person is unaware of self and surroundings, even if stimulated from the outside. Between consciousness and deep coma, there is a continuum of possible levels of responsiveness and awareness. Encephalopathy…
This section deals with a group of waveforms that may mimic abnormal waves but have now been recognized as normal variants. By definition, a normal variant is not associated with disease, be it epilepsy or another abnormal state. A few…
There are many indications for EEG testing, but the most common reason that an EEG is obtained is to assist in the diagnosis of seizures and epilepsy. Although the history is still the cornerstone of the diagnostic process, in some…
An EEG is considered abnormal if it has findings known to be associated with a pathologic or disease state. As discussed in Chapter 8 , “The Structure and Philosophy of the EEG Report,” this distinction is designed to prevent the…