Introduction Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating cerebrovascular disease that occurs after rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, promoting hemorrhage into the subarachnoid space. This leads to impairment of brain perfusion and function, contributing to brain injury after SAH. It has…
Introduction Restoration of blood supply, referred to as “reperfusion,” is a desired goal for acute stroke treatment. Spontaneous reperfusion occurs commonly after stroke, in about 50–70% of patients with ischemic stroke. Reperfusion can also be achieved either by thrombolytic therapy…
Introduction Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype that is responsible for 10–15% of all strokes with significant morbidity and mortality. An ICH can be primary or secondary . A primary ICH results when a vulnerable small or large blood vessel…
Introduction The incidence of focal ischemia or stroke has been increasing over the last two decades with over 16 million new cases of stroke reported worldwide in 2010. Focal ischemic brain injury leads to local neurological deficits and a progression…
Introduction Thrombosis resulting from various pathologies is the underlying cause of the majority of ischemic strokes. Hemostasis is the complex and highly regulated system that helps to maintain the integrity of blood and the vasculature. Maintenance of blood flow depends…
Introduction Arteriosclerosis is a generic term used for describing hardening and thickening of arteries. Atherosclerosis is the most common form and is responsible for several common clinical manifestations such as stroke, coronary artery diseases, peripheral arterial disease, and aortic aneurysm.…
Acknowledgments This work was supported by NIH grant R01 NS071050 (JL), and VA merit award I01RX000655 (JL). Neovascularization After Cerebral Ischemia and Hypoxia Although the adult brain vascular network becomes quiescent after the completion of brain development, the remodeling of…
Introduction Brain pathophysiology is influenced by a dynamic balance between deleterious and beneficial responses to the initial insult . Stroke and brain injury trigger a wide spectrum of neurovascular perturbations, glial activation, and secondary neuroinflammation that may all amplify neuronal…
Introduction Tissue repair is as old as tissues themselves, as it can be observed in the most primitive multicellular organisms. However, evolution confers tissue complexity and cellular specialization at a price, which includes less effective repair capacity. As the most…
Introduction Eicosanoids have long been known to participate in cerebrovascular injury, starting in the early 1970s . Eicosanoids are derivatives of the 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid (AA); the more generalized term for oxidized versions of PUFAs is…