Sources of Funding NINDS_NS80015, NINDS_NS44025, NINDS_NS76726, The Leducq Foundation DSRR_P34404. Introduction Development of age-appropriate models of cerebral ischemia and/or hypoxia has allowed knowledge that brain immaturity at the time of injury plays a key role in the pattern of brain…
Introduction Worldwide, stroke is the second leading cause of death, affecting approximately 6 million people in 2012. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 13% of all stroke cases and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. As many as 50% of…
Introduction Global cerebral ischemia (GCI) is a major factor in the high mortality following cardiac arrest, which causes around 300,000 fatalities per year in the United States. Among the survivors, most have lifelong cognitive deficits. To model GCI in animals,…
Ischemic stroke is a highly heterogeneous disease with variation in size, location, and cause of occlusion. In addition, differences in underlying comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, and aging, and sex-specific sensitivity to ischemia make replicating this condition in one animal model…
Introduction Brain cells are surrounded by extracellular matrix (ECM) made up of large protein molecules. Interstitial fluid (ISF) moves between the cells and along perivascular spaces, mixing with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to act as the lymph of the brain.…
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is currently the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved therapy for the acute treatment of ischemic stroke . The most extensively studied function of tPA is its primary activity, namely, the proteolytic conversion of the zymogen…
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Introduction Cells involved in the immune system need to be tightly interconnected to elaborate a collaborative and well-organized response against noxious stimuli. With this aim, cells communicate either by direct contact mediated by different plasma membrane molecules or by the…
Acknowledgments This work was supported by NIH grant NS079585, VA merit review grant 1I01BX002985, and American Heart Association grant 15IRG23050015. Introduction Stroke (cerebral ischemia)-induced brain damage is a complex injury that begins with loss of oxygen and nutrient flow to…
Introduction In response to ischemia, cellular responses lead to the induction of a variety of stress proteins, included among them are the heat shock proteins (Hsps) and immediate early genes (IEGs). Hsps are a family of stress proteins thought to…