Introduction There are various types of stroke in children, including arterial ischemic strokes, venous infarctions due to venous sinus thrombosis, intracerebral hemorrhages, and subarachnoid hemorrhages. Stroke is a relatively rare occurrence in children, but can lead to significant morbidity and…
Introduction Ischemic infarcts in the brain can manifest with a variety of cognitive and behavioral disorders. For many years, use of autopsy and clinical–pathological correlation in stroke patients formed the basis for the anatomic localization of various cognitive functions. In…
Introduction Stroke is common following trauma. Indeed, direct cerebrovascular injury during a traumatic event can often lead to immediate ischemic and hemorrhagic complications. However, recent definitions for hemorrhagic stroke have, by policy, excluded etiologies that are secondary to trauma .…
Etiology and Physiopathology Dissection is a focal arteriopathy caused by a hematoma inside the arterial wall. It occurs most commonly in the extracranial and most mobile segments of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. The specific vulnerability of this particular…
Introduction The term “ reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome ” (RCVS) refers to a group of conditions characterized by segmental narrowing and dilatation of multiple intracerebral arteries lasting days to weeks, usually accompanied with recurrent thunderclap headaches [ ]. Historically, patients…
Vascular malformations of the spinal cord are a heterogeneous group of anomalies ranging from simple, dural arteriovenous fistulae to complex arteriovenous malformations that may involve the spinal cord parenchyma as well as adjacent spinal and extraspinal structures. Although spinal vascular…
Introduction Cavernous malformations (CMs) are the second most common form of vascular malformation of the central nervous system after developmental venous anomalies (DVAs). The incidence of CMs is 0.34–0.53% in autopsy series and 0.39–0.47% in MRI series . The overall…
Introduction Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) are acquired vascular lesions that usually involve the intracranial dural sinuses and comprise less than 10% of all intracranial vascular lesions . They are commonly divided into carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) and other dAVFs.…
Vein of Galen arteriovenous malformations (VOGMs) are a rare congenital vascular anomaly in which an arteriovenous shunt is established to the median prosencephalic vein of Markowski (MPV), a fetal vein typically present between weeks 7 and 12 of gestation .…
Introduction Developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) are rare, usually asymptomatic congenital cerebrovascular malformations consisting of a radial network of medullary veins draining into a dilated central channel. Originally called venous angiomas, DVAs are functional variants of normal venous anatomy that drain…