Introduction Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) accounts for 0.5–1% of all strokes. CVT is more frequent in children and young adults and affects women three times more than males. Its clinical presentation is diverse and diagnosis is often challenging. CVT may…
Acute Subdural Hematoma Epidemiology Acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) is an intracranial space-occupying lesion that often occurs because of the tearing of bridging or cortical surface veins, secondary to a physical head trauma. ASDHs are often accompanied by cortical contusions, parenchymal…
Introduction Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is the presence of blood within the ventricular system including the lateral, third and fourth ventricles. Primary IVH refers to bleeding directly into the ventricular system within the brain, from an intraventricular source or a lesion…
Introduction Stroke is the second most frequent cause of death in the world, with 6.7 million globally documented cases in 2012 alone. This chapter focuses on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the least common type of stroke, accounting for about 13% of…
Introduction Aneurysmal rupture leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a dire clinical entity with profound neurologic and systemic manifestations. Despite several advances in microsurgical and endovascular technology, mortality rates remain high, and survivors often suffer substantial neurologic morbidity; of all…
Introduction The rupture of intracranial aneurysms is associated with severe morbidity and mortality. Prehospital mortality estimates range from 10% to 15% . The rate of rerupture if untreated is 40% over 4 weeks with much of that risk early on;…
Spinal cord strokes are a rare but important differential consideration in central nervous system vascular disease. As in the brain, spinal cord strokes can be divided into two large groups—ischemic and hemorrhagic. They account for about 1% of all strokes…
Introduction Stroke patients often have visual symptoms and signs, the characteristics of which vary mostly depending on the type of vessel involved (arteries versus veins), the type of stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic), and the size of the arteries involved (large…
Introduction There is a spectrum of brain injury from cerebral hypoperfusion ranging from transient loss of consciousness to devastating anoxic neuronal damage. At the root of this injury is the fact that with limited stores of high-energy phosphate compounds and…
Introduction Ischemic stroke etiologies can be classified into thrombotic, embolic, or cerebral infarcts secondary to systemic hypoperfusion. Aortic arch disease has been a subject of study for many years as a potential source of embolic stroke and is common in…