Stroke and the Developing Cerebrovascular System Unlike adults, in most children with stroke, conditions such as diabetes and hypertension make little contribution to the etiology of stroke. Developmental, genetic, and environmental factors are the major contributors to cerebrovascular injury in…
An intracranial aneurysm is a cerebrovascular disorder in which weakness in the wall of a brain artery causes dilation or ballooning, which can grow and rupture over time. The term aneurysm originally comes from the Greek aneurysma—ana meaning “across” and…
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for approximately 10%–20% of strokes. Its clinical importance derives from its high frequency and 30-day mortality, which is close to 50%. The incidence of ICH has remained stable in the past 3 decades ( ), despite…
Epidemiology and Risk Factors There are approximately 795,000 new or recurrent strokes annually in the United States (610,000 being first events and 185,000 being recurrent events) ( ) Despite declining stroke incidence, 7 million Americans above the age of 20…
Historical interest in peripheral nervous system (PNS) trauma dates back many centuries. Leonardo Da Vinci made detailed anatomical drawings of the brachial plexus, believing this complex of nerves existed to ensure continued function of the upper extremity should one of…
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major problem in today’s clinical practice. It is a condition presently handled by a multidisciplinary team of neurologists, neurosurgeons, neurointensivists, physiatrists, anesthesiologists, and trauma surgeons. Even though newer diagnostic techniques and our growing understanding…
Epidemiology Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a silent epidemic in developed nations and one of the leading causes of death and disability, accounting for almost one-third of all trauma-related deaths. In the United States, a TBI occurs every 7 seconds…
Epidemiology Sports-related concussion (SRC) is a type of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) that continues to garner increasing concern worldwide ( ). In the United States alone, estimates of sports and recreation-related concussion range from 1.6 to 3.8 million annually…
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability among children and young adults. In addition, head injury in older adults, as a result of falls, is a growing clinical concern. To investigate the pathophysiology of brain…
This chapter addresses a complex and diverse topic: the neurological complications of systemic disease in children. Although some clinical features are similar in children and adults, others vary according to the child’s age and stage of development. Cardiac Disorders and…