As early as the 1950s temporary deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes were implanted into the septal region. The procedure was performed for pain control and was reported to have beneficial effects ( ). There were various attempts at DBS, with…
At the beginning of the 1980s, Merton and Morton developed the first method of noninvasive brain stimulation, transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), and this had obvious clinical application. They used a single, brief, high-voltage electric shock and produced a relatively synchronous…
Clinical electromyography is a distinct medical discipline that plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of peripheral nerve and neuromuscular disorders ( ). The designations clinical electromyography (EMG) , electrodiagnostic (EDX) examination , and electroneuromyography (ENMG) are used interchangeably to…
The techniques of applied electrophysiology are of practical importance in diagnosing and managing certain categories of neurological disease. Modern instrumentation permits the selective investigation of the functional aspects of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The electroencephalogram (EEG) and evoked…
The history and examination are key to making the diagnosis in a patient with neurological disease (see Chapter 1 ). However, ancillary testing is very important in diagnosis and management. Testing for specific disorders is addressed in detail in later…
Lower back pain is one of the most common reasons for neurological and neurosurgical consultation. In many of the patients who present with lower back pain, the pain either developed or was exacerbated as a result of occupational activity. Lower…
Evaluation of the patient with arm and/or neck pain is based on a meticulous history and clinical examination. A useful approach is to consider the diagnosis in terms of pain-sensitive structures in the neck and upper limbs. These structures may…
Clinical evaluation of sensory deficits is inherently more difficult than evaluation of motor deficits because of the subjective nature of the examination. Nevertheless, it is important to identify sensory deficits in order to localize lesions. Anatomy and Physiology Peripheral Pathways…
A floppy, or hypotonic, infant is a common scenario encountered in the clinical practice of child neurology. It can present significant challenges in terms of localization and is associated with an extensive differential diagnosis ( Box 30.1 ). As with…
General Features of Pain Pain is an uncomfortable sensation with sensory and emotional components. Short episodes of pain or discomfort localized to muscle are a near universal experience. Common causes of short-term muscle discomfort are unaccustomed exercise, trauma, cramps, and…