Abbreviations Bambi bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor CCL CC chemokine ligand CCR CC chemokine receptor CXCL CXC chemokine ligand CX3CR CX3C chemokine receptor DAMP damage-associated molecular pattern ECM extracellular matrix HSC hepatic stellate cell IFN interferon IL interleukin…
Abbreviations AIM2 absent in melanoma 2 APC antigen-presenting cell ASC apoptosis-associated specklike protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain DC dendritic cell HAV hepatitis A virus HBV hepatitis B virus HCC hepatocellular carcinoma HCV hepatitis C virus HDV hepatitis…
Abbreviations ALD alcoholic liver disease GALT gut-associated lymphoid tissue IBD inflammatory bowel disease LEFSE linear discriminant analysis effect size MHE minimal hepatic encephalopathy OTU operational taxonomic unit The liver is the largest and one of the most intricate organs in…
Abbrevations ACOX acyl-CoA oxidase ASBT apical sodium bile acid transporter CTX cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis FAB-MS fast atom bombardment ionization mass spectrometry GC-MS gas chromatography−mass spectrometry GGT γ-glutamyltranspeptidase LDL low-density lipoprotein LSIMS liquid secondary ionization mass spectrometry PFIC progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis…
Abbreviations AGE advanced glycation end-product APC antigen-presenting cell CGRP calcitonin gene-related peptide GERL Golgi-SER-lysosome HD high density HSC hepatic stellate cell ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule-1 LAL liver-associated lymphocyte LD low density LFA-1 lymphocyte associated antigen-1 LGL large granular lymphocyte LPS…
The purpose of this chapter is to review the physical and emotional care of patients with advanced chronic and serious illnesses, many of whom have debilitating GI symptoms. Management of common GI symptoms, important aspects of setting appropriate life goals…
Definition and Epidemiology Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a group of medical practices and products neither taught widely in medical schools nor generally available in USA hospitals. Complementary medicine is used together with traditional medicine, alternative medicine is used…
Given the intimate relationships that are known to exist between what happens in the lumen of the GI tract and various homeostatic phenomena, both locally in the intestine and throughout the organism, it should come as no surprise that considerable…
Anatomy The anal canal is about 4 cm long in adults, and is the terminal and most inferior part of the large intestine. It begins where the rectal ampulla narrows abruptly below the level of the U-shaped sling formed by…
Cathartic colon and the effect of laxatives on the colon The original suggestion that irritant laxatives, predominantly anthraquinones (cascara, aloe, senna), damage the colon was based on studies in laboratory animals and in colons resected from laxative abusers. Although mucosal…