Key features ■ Local anesthetics are classified into two groups – amides and esters, depending upon the linkage in their intermediate chain ■ “Anesthetic allergies” vary from palpitations secondary to epinephrine and vasovagal reactions, to urticaria and anaphylaxis from preservatives…
Key features ■ The muscles of facial expression all arise from the second branchial arch, are concentrated in the central facial region, and receive their motor innervation from the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) ■ The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS)…
Key features ▪ Wound healing is a complex and dynamic biologic process, consisting of three consecutive phases: inflammation, tissue formation, and tissue remodeling ▪ Effective wound healing requires synchronization of cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions as well as an interplay of…
Synonym ▪ Radiosurgery Key features ▪ Electrosurgery encompasses a group of procedures by which tissue is removed or destroyed through the application of electrical energy ▪ True electrocautery uses direct current to create a red-hot tip, which can be safer…
Synonyms ▪ Radiation therapy ▪ X-ray therapy ▪ Radiation treatment Key features ▪ Radiotherapy is an important modality in the treatment of patients with skin malignancies ▪ Radiotherapy may reduce morbidity (as compared to surgery), decrease the risk of recurrent…
Synonym ■ Cryotherapy Key features ■ A minimally invasive surgical technique that utilizes subzero temperatures to destroy benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions ■ Compared to standard excisional surgery, cryosurgery requires less time to perform but healing time is often longer…
The advancements in laser and light therapies over the past three decades are built upon the foundation of Albert Einstein's The Quantum Theory of Light . In these prescient 1917 writings, he proposed, amongst other concepts, that light consists of…
Synonym ▪ LASER – light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation Key features ▪ Laser surgery works via precise tissue heating when optical energy is absorbed within the skin ▪ Heat is created exactly where light is absorbed by molecules…
Synonym ▪ Photoradiation therapy Key features ▪ Over the past two decades, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has evolved into a practical and effective therapeutic option, especially for actinic keratoses (AKs) and superficial non-melanoma skin cancers, with an expanding range of applications…
Key features ■ Phototherapy represents the use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation for the treatment of skin diseases ■ Currently, phototherapy encompasses irradiation with broadband UVB (290–320 nm), narrowband UVB (311–313 nm), 308 nm excimer laser, UVA1 (340–400 nm), UVA (320–400 nm) plus psoralens (PUVA) or…