Neuroendocrine Regulation Neuroendocrinology is the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system’s metabolic and hormonal homeostatic activities. One role the nervous system has is to connect the environment with the body. The most important environmental factors are temperature…
The principal manifestation of most endocrine diseases is over- or undersecretion of one or more hormones, but the causes of endocrine disease are not unique to endocrinology as a subspecialty of medicine. Major causes of endocrine disease that are shared…
Most endocrine disorders are due to either an excess or a deficiency of a hormone that is transported in the systemic circulation and therefore result in multiorgan manifestations. Since individual hormones commonly have multiple sites of action, patients rarely present…
Obesity is the most common nutritional disorder in the United States, and it directly or indirectly accounts for a significant portion of health-related expenses. Lifestyle change, antiobesity medications, and bariatric surgery are evidence-based treatment options, but each requires training and…
Definition Feeding and eating disorders are characterized by a persistent disturbance of eating or eating-related behavior that results in the altered consumption or absorption of food and that significantly impairs physical health or psychosocial functioning. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual…
Micronutrients in Nutritional Science Dietary Requirements Micronutrients are a diverse array of dietary components that are necessary to sustain health. The physiologic roles of micronutrients are as varied as their composition. Some micronutrients are used in enzymes as either coenzymes…
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Definition Hereditary hemochromatosis is an inherited disorder that leads to iron overload due to excessive absorption of dietary iron because of a deficiency of hepcidin, which is an iron regulatory peptide hormone. A homozygous C282Y mutation in HFE is responsible…
Definition Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper transport. Affected individuals accumulate toxic levels of copper in the liver and later in the brain as a consequence of mutations in both alleles of the Wilson disease gene (…