General information Osmic acid is injected into joints for chemical synovectomy [ ]. It is associated with local pain, effusions, and fever; skin necrosis is less frequent [ ]. Nerve damage and abnormal urinary findings (hematuria, proteinuria, and leukocyturia) can…
See also Adrenoceptor agonists General information Orphenadrine is related to an antihistamine (diphenhydramine), and appears to have been developed in the hope of producing a greater effect in Parkinson’s disease by combining both anticholinergic and antihistaminic effects in a single…
See also Benzimidazoles General information Used in single large doses for the treatment of Trichomonas urogenitalis or Giardia infections, ornidazole can cause gastrointestinal symptoms [ ]. Organs and systems Cardiovascular Cardiac arrest has been attributed to intravenous ornidazole in a…
Of the over 70 million women of reproductive age in the United States, women are increasingly entering pregnancy at a later age. The mean age was 27.1 years in 2020, up from 23 years in 1994. Pregnancy, which has always…
Contraceptive Use Contraception enables people to avoid unwanted fertility by preventing pregnancy. Methods can be classified in many ways. Some classification schemes distinguish among mechanisms (e.g., barriers to the encounter of sperm and ovum versus methods that prevent ovulation); other…
An approach to the care of women must go beyond an understanding of differences in the incidence of disease between men and women. Providers need to consider the impact of sex differences (differences based on genetic and hormonal differences) and…
The Normal Menstrual Cycle Endometrium The endometrium undergoes histologic and cytologic changes that culminate with menstrual bleeding when the corpus luteum ceases to secrete progesterone ( Fig. 218-1 ). The basal layer of the endometrium then regenerates the superficial layer…
Definition The ovaries or female gonads episodically release female gametes (oocytes or eggs) and secrete sex steroid hormones, principally estradiol and progesterone but also various androgens. Oocytes are released only during the adult reproductive years, when the secretion of sex…
Male Reproductive Physiology The testis is a bifunctional organ that serves as the site for synthesis of sex steroids (mainly testosterone) and the production of sperm. Androgens and their metabolites (including estrogens) also act on nonreproductive organs and serve essential…
Definition and Epidemiology Gender identity is the internal sense of one’s own sex, whether male, female, neither, both, or something else. Transgender is a broad term to reference individuals with gender identity that differs from sex recorded at birth, typically…