Gynecologic cancers are not common, but earlier diagnosis is always associated with improved survival and a greater chance for cure. Although most care is provided by gynecologic surgeons and oncologists, patients may first present to other physicians with signs or…
Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Pathobiology Invasive breast cancer, which is the most common nonskin cancer in women in the United States, is diagnosed in approximately 290,000 women annually and results in approximately 43,000 deaths each year. Worldwide, about 2.25 million…
Renal Cell Carcinoma Definition Cancers of the kidney are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, the majority of which are of epithelial origin and malignant. Renal cell carcinoma, classically referred to as clear cell carcinoma or hypernephroma, is not a single…
Definition Cancers arising from the liver and biliary tract include hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder adenocarcinoma, as well as other less common malignant histologies ( E-Table 181-1 , Fig. 181-1 ). Cholangiocarcinomas are further subclassified by their anatomic location along…
Definition More than 90% of pancreatic tumors are adenocarcinomas that arise from the ductal epithelium. Other major tumors of the pancreas include acinar cell, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, mucinous cystic neoplasm, mixed histology, endocrine malignancies, carcinoid tumors, lymphomas, and a…
Neoplasms of the Small Intestine Epidemiology Small bowel malignancies are relatively rare and account for only approximately 3% of all cancers involving the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and less than 0.5% of all cancers in the United States. In 2022, an…
Neoplasms of the Esophagus Definition The esophagus ( Chapter 124 ) is a hollow tubular organ with primary physiologic functions related to contraction to permit propulsion of solid and liquid food contents into the stomach. The mucosa is a stratified…
Lung cancers grow from a single abnormal cell or small group of abnormal cells to develop into large macroscopic masses that may be several centimeters in diameter. Most lung cancers originate from the bronchial epithelium and are termed carcinomas. Primary…
Definition Head and neck cancer arises from the mucosal linings of the upper aerodigestive tract, sinonasal cavities of the face, major or minor salivary glands, or the structures of the base of skull including cranial nerves. The dominant histology, squamous…
Central nervous system (CNS) tumors can involve the brain or the spinal cord, may be benign or malignant, and may be primary or metastatic. In the United States, about 80,000 new primary brain tumors and other nervous system tumors are…