Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious condition, the diagnosis of which depends on serum creatinine measurements. Unfortunately, creatinine is a delayed and unreliable biomarker of AKI. The lack of reliable early biomarkers has crippled our ability to…
The kidneys play a fundamental role in the regulation of water and electrolyte excretion as well as in the maintenance of acid base balance. Water and electrolyte homeostasis is accomplished almost exclusively through changes in the volume and composition of…
Albuminuria is a sensitive marker of kidney dysfunction and associated with increased mortality and risk of cardiovascular disease. Urinary excretion of albumin is regulated by balance between glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption. Our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms regulating the…
Renal proximal tubules efficiently secrete anionic and cationic drugs and toxins. Many of the involved transporters are members of the solute carrier family 22 ( SLC22 ) and exhibit a broad substrate specificity. Uptake of organic anions from blood into…
Amino acids and small peptides are very efficiently reabsorbed at the level of the kidney proximal tubule by a series of specialized membrane proteins. In a first step, they are taken up into tubular epithelial cells via secondary active transporters…
Glucose is the major fuel source to the body’s tissue and its plasma concentration is maintained within narrow limits, 4–10 mM, except in diabetes where it may rise to over 16 mM. In this chapter we review the role of…
In the kidney, filtered inorganic phosphate ions are reabsorbed along the proximal tubules. This transepithelial process involves sodium-dependent phosphate transporters that are localized at the apical (brush border) membrane. Currently, three Na/Pi-cotransporters that belong to the SLC 20 (PiT-2) and…
In the kidney, filtered inorganic phosphate ions are reabsorbed along the proximal tubules. This transepithelial process involves sodium-dependent phosphate transporters that are localized at the apical (brush border) membrane. Currently, three Na/Pi-cotransporters that belong to the SLC 20 (Pit-2) and…
Kidney Stones A majority of patients form stones containing calcium oxalate (CaOx) and calcium phosphate (CaP). Of these most form predominantly CaOx stones in the absence of systemic disease, so called ‘idiopathic CaOx stone formers’ (ICSF). These stones form outside…
Calcium plays critical roles in both the structure and function of the human body. As a result, the extracellular calcium level is meticulous regulated by a complex system of hormones, receptors and organ systems. Increases or decreases in the extracellular…