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Swimming And Diving

Swimming Introduction Swimming is the most popular aquatic sports discipline and is an important part of triathlon and water polo. Epidemiology At the international level, aquatic sports disciplines account for the second largest group of athletes at the Olympic Games and are governed by the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA). USA Swimming currently has over 400,000 registered athletes and 3100 clubs. US Masters Swimming consists of…

ICE Skating (Figure Skating and Speed Skating)

Figure Skating Introduction Figure skating is a sport that focuses on a unique combination of athleticism, strength, endurance, gracefulness, and artistry on ice. Today, over 203,000 members and 765 clubs are registered with US Figure Skating. General Principles History Began in the early 1800s; its name was derived from the complicated figures traced on the ice during its early years. Jumps and spins were introduced in…

ICE Hockey

Hockey Organization and Participation USA Hockey, located in Colorado Springs, Colorado, is the national governing body for ice hockey in the United States and the official representative of the US Olympic Committee and International Ice Hockey Federation. USA Hockey works in conjunction with the National Hockey League (NHL) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). During 1968–1969, 3800 teams were registered with USA Hockey. During 1993–1994,…

Snowboarding

General Principles Overview Snowboarding was developed in the 1970s, popularized in the 1980s, and became an Olympic sport in 1998 and a Paralympic sport in 2014. Recreational and competitive snowboarding has evolved over the past 2 decades because of increased popularity, equipment development, and new disciplines. Snowboarders ride on slopes, terrain parks, and half-pipes shared with skiers at winter resorts, as well as in the backcountry.…

Cross-Country Skiing

General Principles Cross-country or Nordic skiing is multifaceted and can be pursued either as a simple recreational outdoor activity or a vigorous competitive endurance sport. Cross-country skiing serves as an excellent means to develop and maintain cardiovascular fitness; most large muscle groups of the upper and lower body are used in a smooth, rhythmic, low-impact manner. A recent prospective study showed association with reduction in all-cause…

Alpine Skiing

General Principles Background Alpine skiing is a popular sport worldwide, with approximately >200 million participants per year. High speeds, variable terrain, and weather conditions, combined with equipment, can create a significant opportunity for getting injured. Equipment changes have changed the nature of injuries, but with more recent studies showing some decline in injury rates. Lower extremity injuries are the most common, but upper extremity injuries are…

Tennis

General 17 million people in the United States participate in tennis at least once a year ( Fig. 76.1 ). 10 million people play tennis at least 10 times per year. 4.5 million youths play tennis annually. Epidemiology of Tennis Injuries Injuries to the lower extremity and spine account for 50%–75% of all tennis injuries. Elite players tend to have more injuries to the lower extremities…

Softball

Introduction First conceived as a way to play baseball indoors during months of harsh weather, softball has emerged over time as one of the most popular sports in the United States. Enjoyed by females and males of all ages and at all levels of competition, softball has proven itself distinct from its older cousin in terms of rules, biomechanical techniques, and injuries sustained during play. Incidence…

Baseball

General Overview Baseball, the great American pastime, was first described by Abner Doubleday in 1839. Shoulder and elbow problems became a familiar part of the game in the 1880s with the advent of overhand pitching. Although ballplayers suffer the usual sports-related strains and sprains, it is in understanding common shoulder and elbow throwing injuries that the baseball team physician is defined. Throwing Biomechanics And Associated Pathology…

Volleyball

Introduction Volleyball is a popular sport played worldwide both recreationally and professionally. Volleyball is a truly American game with origins back to the 1890s. Made its debut at the Olympic Games in 1964. It requires quick and explosive movements. Volleyball is considered a noncontact sport. Epidemiology Most injuries occur to blockers and hitters as opposed to passers and setters. Certain positions are associated with specific injuries…

Basketball

Introduction Physical education teacher James Naismith invented basketball in 1891 as a noncontact sport wherein teams competed to throw a ball into opposing peach baskets. Since then, basketball has become increasingly physical, with regular contact between players yielding one of the highest overall injury rates among noncollision sports. Epidemiology Most basketball injuries are sustained in the lower extremity, with contact mechanisms accounting for the majority of…

Ultimate Frisbee

Introduction A group of students at Columbia High School in Maplewood, New Jersey, first played Ultimate Frisbee in 1968. Commonly referred to as “Ultimate.” Distinct from disc golf. Played from the recreational to the international level. Most commonly played outdoors on grass or turf fields, but variations include indoor and beach Ultimate. In 2017, approximately 3.13 million participants in the United States, which includes all ages…

Field Hockey

General Principles History Oldest known stick and ball game in history, existing in the BC era. Became a popular British sport in 1861, entering as an outdoor Olympic sport for males in 1908 and for females in 1980. Primarily an outdoor sport, indoor field hockey (FH) is becoming more popular, with an Indoor Hockey World Cup in place since 2003. Although both bear many similarities, this…

Lacrosse

Introduction US Lacrosse is the governing body for all disciples of lacrosse in the United States, including men’s and women’s field lacrosse and indoor (box) lacrosse. World Lacrosse is the international federation responsible for providing governance and leadership for 66 member nations. Over the past 2 decades, lacrosse has been one of the fastest-growing team sports in the country at all levels. Lacrosse is known as…

RUGBY

Introduction Rugby union (rugby) is a continuous, multiple-sprint, unhelmeted (padded headgear is permitted) collision team sport (>200 tackles per game) played by men and women, boys and girls, in 120 countries across six continents. Rugby has unique metabolic demands, requiring fitness in multiple domains (aerobic, anaerobic, strength, power, endurance). The original 15-a-side game lasts for 80 minutes with a 10-minute half-time interval. The 15-a-side version is…

Soccer

Introduction Soccer, or football, is the world’s most popular sport. Although its origins trace back over 3000 years, the current organized form of soccer originated in 1863 in Britain. Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) is the governing body for soccer in the world, and it includes 211 affiliated national associations. There are six different confederations within FIFA, and the United States is a member of…

Football

Introduction Football developed in the United States, in what is commonly recognized as the first American football game between Rutgers and Princeton, on November 6, 1869. Since its inception, over 1.5 million athletes participate today and contribute to football being considered the most popular sport in the United States. There are well over 700 schools sponsoring varsity college football, which represent approximately 70,000 student-athletes involved in…

Injury Prevention Protocols

Introduction Sport-specific injury prevention training programs are used across the country as an aid to increase performance and decrease injury rates. Two common areas of injury include the athletic shoulder and knee. Among the athletic population, injuries to the throwing shoulder are becoming more apparent as a result of overuse and poor conditioning. Likewise, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) knee injuries continue to rise each year among…

Sports Ultrasound

Sports Ultrasound The use of ultrasound to evaluate and guide treatment for injuries and medical conditions associated with sport and exercise; this may involve both clinical and in-the-field applications. Evaluations are most often performed to answer a specific clinical question; need for further imaging and involvement of other medical imaging experts should be considered General Principles Physics Electric voltage from the base unit is converted to…

Diagnostic Imaging in Sports Medicine

General Principles Imaging in sports medicine plays an increasingly important role in the diagnosis of injury and decision-making regarding return to play. Increasingly sophisticated imaging modalities allow for precise diagnosis of various patterns of injury but also present the care provider with a bewildering range of tests. The continued participation of older athletes in sporting activities makes the interpretation of imaging studies challenging as degenerative findings…