Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What are the structures of the anatomy of the colon and rectum, and what is the role of the large intestine in storing and desiccating the residues of a meal? 2. What are the motility patterns of the colon that provide for its storage function, and what reflexes…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. How are the various components of a mixed meal digested and absorbed in the small intestine? 2. What are the constituents and functions of pancreatic juice, and how is their secretion controlled? 3. How do bile acids assist with digestion and assimilation of lipids? 4. What are the…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What are the major functions of the monogastric stomach? 2. What are the gross functional regions of the stomach? 3. What is the role of the gastric epithelium in digestion and absorption? 4. What is the role of the proton pump in parietal cell function? 5. What are…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What are the structures of the functional anatomy of salivary glands, including their secretory elements? 2. What are the cephalic and oral phases (what, why, how it happens) of the response to a meal? 3. What are the general principles of secretion along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (where…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What is the neural innervation of the GI tract, and how is GI function regulated? 2. What are some examples of neural, paracrine, and humoral regulation of GI function? The gastrointestinal (GI) tract consists of the alimentary tract from the mouth to the anus and includes the associated…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. Describe the components of the mucociliary clearance system and their role in the removal of xenobiotic substances and particulates. 2. Explain how particle characteristics and properties influence their deposition and clearance. 3. Compare and contrast the major mechanisms of particle deposition. 4. Compare and contrast the mucosal and…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. Describe the central organization of breathing. 2. Explain the role of central and peripheral chemoreceptors in regulating respiration. 3. Compare and contrast the roles of chemoreceptors and pulmonary mechanoreceptors in regulating respiration. 4. Describe ventilatory control during special circumstances (e.g., exercise and high altitude). 5. Describe the effects…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. Describe the basic gas diffusion principles and how they affect O 2 and CO 2 absorption and expiration. 2. Compare and contrast the chemical transport mechanisms of O 2 and CO 2 in blood. 3. Describe the basic principles and clinical significances of the O 2 and CO…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. Define two types of dead space ventilation, and describe how dead space ventilation changes with tidal volume. 2. Describe the composition of gas in ambient air, the trachea, and the alveolus, and understand how this composition changes with changes in oxygen fraction and barometric pressure. 3. Use the…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. Describe air flow in the airways. 2. Define resistance and its affect upon airflow in the airways. 3. List and describe two categories of factors that contribute to airway resistance. 4. List the features of a spirogram and flow volume curve. 5. Describe how flow limitation occurs at…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. Define the different pressures in the respiratory system. 2. Explain how a pressure gradient is created. 3. Define the different volumes in the lung, and describe how they are measured. 4. Explain how static lung mechanics determines lung volumes. 5. Define lung compliance. 6. Explain how surfactant affects…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. Explain the anatomical structure/function relationships of the upper and lower components of the respiratory system. 2. Compare and contrast the pulmonary and bronchial circulatory systems. 3. Explain the relationships between innervation and muscles in the control of respiration. 4. Compare and contrast the roles of the conducting airways…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What are the four major factors that determine cardiac output? Which two of these factors are said to be “coupling factors,” and what is the reason for that description? 2. What is a cardiac function curve, and how is it related to the Frank-Starling mechanism? 3. What is…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. How do the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems regulate the functions of heart and vasculature? 2. What factors affect the differential sympathetic regulation of resistance and capacitance vessels? 3. How does the baroreceptor-mediated reflex mimic the operation of skeletal muscle proprioceptor reflex? 4. What are the two major…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What physical properties of blood vessels and blood determine hemodynamics, and how are they defined by Poiseuille's law? 2. How is arterial compliance related to stroke volume and pulse pressure? How does arterial compliance affect the arterial pulse wave and cardiac work? 3. What are mean, systolic, diastolic,…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. How does the action potential contribute to excitability and contraction in heart muscle? 2. What is automaticity, and how does it differ from excitability? How do derangements of these properties contribute to arrhythmias? 3. What is the structural basis of the electrocardiogram? 4. How are the concepts of…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. How does the arrangement of heart and vessels enable unidirectional flow of well-oxygenated blood to the body? 2. What is the advantage of the reciprocal relation between blood flow velocity and vascular cross-sectional area? 3. How do the differing compositions (smooth muscle, fibrous and elastic tissue) of blood…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. Describe the organization of smooth muscle in various tissues, and how it meets the demands of each tissue 2. Discuss the mechanisms that promote contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the vasculature and various organs. 3. Describe the autoregulatory mechanism by which an artery can maintain relatively…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. Describe the organization of cardiac muscle and how it meets the demands of the organ. 2. Describe the molecular mechanisms involved in excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle and its suitability for this organ. 3. Describe the molecular mechanisms that lead to an increase in the force of contraction…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. Describe the organization of skeletal muscle, including the structural features/proteins within the skeletal muscle fiber that link the contractile elements to the extracellular matrix and bone to effect movement. While describing the various linkages, identify congenital conditions that commonly affect particular structures and how they might contribute to…