Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. How do the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems regulate the functions of heart and vasculature? 2. What factors affect the differential sympathetic regulation of resistance and capacitance vessels? 3. How does the baroreceptor-mediated reflex mimic the operation of skeletal muscle proprioceptor reflex? 4. What are the two major…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What physical properties of blood vessels and blood determine hemodynamics, and how are they defined by Poiseuille's law? 2. How is arterial compliance related to stroke volume and pulse pressure? How does arterial compliance affect the arterial pulse wave and cardiac work? 3. What are mean, systolic, diastolic,…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. How does the action potential contribute to excitability and contraction in heart muscle? 2. What is automaticity, and how does it differ from excitability? How do derangements of these properties contribute to arrhythmias? 3. What is the structural basis of the electrocardiogram? 4. How are the concepts of…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. How does the arrangement of heart and vessels enable unidirectional flow of well-oxygenated blood to the body? 2. What is the advantage of the reciprocal relation between blood flow velocity and vascular cross-sectional area? 3. How do the differing compositions (smooth muscle, fibrous and elastic tissue) of blood…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. Describe the organization of smooth muscle in various tissues, and how it meets the demands of each tissue 2. Discuss the mechanisms that promote contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the vasculature and various organs. 3. Describe the autoregulatory mechanism by which an artery can maintain relatively…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. Describe the organization of cardiac muscle and how it meets the demands of the organ. 2. Describe the molecular mechanisms involved in excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle and its suitability for this organ. 3. Describe the molecular mechanisms that lead to an increase in the force of contraction…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. Describe the organization of skeletal muscle, including the structural features/proteins within the skeletal muscle fiber that link the contractile elements to the extracellular matrix and bone to effect movement. While describing the various linkages, identify congenital conditions that commonly affect particular structures and how they might contribute to…

Learning Objectives Objectives Heading Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What are the similarities and differences in the general organizations of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems? 2. What are the respective actions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the eye, and what symptoms arise when the parasympathetic or sympathetic innervation is lost? 3. What are…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What is the basic layering pattern of the neocortex, and how do cortical inputs and outputs align with this layering pattern? What is the functional significance of the variation in the layering pattern between cortical areas? 2. What are the major functions of each of the lobes of…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What is a motor neuron, and how are α and γ motor neurons different? 2. What is a motor unit? How does the “size principle” apply to the orderly recruitment of motor units? 3. What is a reflex, and why are reflexes useful for clinical and scientific understanding?…

Learning Objectives Objectives Heading Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What is the dark current, and how does the absorption of a photon change it? 2. What are the synaptic pathways for the central and surround portions of the receptive field of an on-center bipolar cell? Of an off-center bipolar cell? 3. What are the receptive…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What are the major modalities of somatosensory information, and what are the corresponding pathways that convey each from the periphery to the primary somatosensory cortex? 2. What body regions and categories of information are the exteroceptive, proprioceptive, and enteroceptive divisions of the somatosensory system associated with? 3. What…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What are the characteristics of electrical synapses? 2. What are the specializations found in the presynaptic and postsynaptic elements of a chemical synapse? 3. What sequence of events connect the arrival of the action potential at the presynaptic terminal to the entry of calcium? 4. What sequence of…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. How is a nerve membrane's response to small-amplitude stimuli like a passive electric circuit comprising batteries, resistors, and capacitors? 2. What factors determine the time and length constants of a nerve membrane? How do these constants shape the electric responses of the nerve membrane? 3. How does an…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What are the major cell types of the central and peripheral nervous systems? 2. What are the major components of a neuron, and what are their functional roles? 3. What are the functional roles of the major glial cell types? 4. What are the main divisions of the…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. How do cells communicate with each other? 2. What are the four classes of receptors, and what signal transduction pathways are associated with each class of receptors? 3. How do steroid and thyroid hormones, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and receptor tyrosine kinases regulate gene expression? The human body is…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What is steady-state balance, and, with water balance as an example, what are the elements needed to achieve steady-state balance? 2. What are the volumes of the body fluid compartments, and how do they change under various conditions? 3. How do the body fluid compartments differ with regard…

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What organelles are found in a typical eukaryotic cell, and what is their function? 2. What is the composition of the plasma membrane? 3. What are the major classes of membrane transport proteins, and how do they transport biologically important molecules and ions across the plasma membrane? 4.…