Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Upper limb A surface anatomy B muscles C bones 1 Arm 2 Deltoid 3 Elbow joint 4 Forearm 5 Hand 6 Interphalangeal joint 7 Scapula 8 Shoulder joint 9 Wrist joint Left scapula A dorsal surface B costal surface 1 Acromial angle 2 Acromion 3 Coracoid process 4 Inferior angle…
Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Back and vertebral column A surface anatomy B axial skeleton C vertebral column 1 Atlas vertebra 2 Axis vertebra 3 Cervical vertebrae, lordosis 4 Coccyx 5 Lumbar vertebrae, lordosis 6 Sacrum 7 Thoracic vertebrae, kyphosis Back and shoulder A surface anatomy B muscles 1 Coccyx 2 Deltoid 3 External oblique…
Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Open full size image Skull from the front 1 Anterior nasal spine 2 Body of mandible 3 Frontal bone 4 Frontal notch 5 Frontal process of maxilla 6 Glabella 7 Greater wing of sphenoid bone 8 Infra-orbital foramen 9 Infra-orbital margin 10 Inferior nasal concha 11 Inferior orbital fissure 12 Lacrimal bone 13 Lesser…
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Appendix Contents Red Blood Cell Testing Estimated Blood Volumes (Plasma Volume and Red Blood Cell Mass) Complete Blood Count (Red Blood Cell) Parameters Red Blood Cell Distribution Width Reticulocyte Count (Absolute and Percentage) Immature Reticulocyte Fraction Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Equivalent Haptoglobin Plasma Hemoglobin Hemoglobin F and Hemoglobin A2 Sickle Cell Screen (Hemoglobin S Solubility Test) Ferritin Total Iron-Binding Capacity, Transferrin Saturation Iron Erythropoietin Folate (RBC or Serum/Plasma)…
Recent progress in chemotherapy and immunotherapy for hematological malignancies has improved cancer survivorship over the past few decades. However, cardiovascular disease is a prominent cause of death in many cancer survivors, with emerging cardiotoxicity from cancer therapies being a significant contributor to the morbidity and mortality of this population. Onco-cardiology as a subspecialty of cardiology that seeks to identify, prevent, diagnose and manage the cardiovascular complications…
The population is aging, and it is estimated more than 23.4% of the population in the United States will be older than 65 years by 2060. Many hematologic disorders, including anemia and hematologic malignancies such as myelodysplastic disorders, myeloproliferative neoplasms, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), multiple myeloma, and certain types of lymphoma, are more common with aging. Compared with younger adults, older adults…
Galen described the spleen as the “organ of mystery,” with functions related to mood and good or ill humors. It was not until the 18th century that the spleen’s relationship to the immune and hematologic systems was appreciated. The complexities and multiplicity of splenic function continue to be the focus of research and observation. Although many of its functions overlap with, or can be assumed by…
The management of hematological issues in surgical patients can be challenging due to myriad factors. Bleeding and thrombotic issues may be present concurrently, and the impact of underlying pathological issues may be masked by the primary pathology warranting surgery. Nevertheless, the role of the hematologist in the management of these patients is to aid patients with a history of bleeding or thrombosis. This chapter will review:…
Parasitic diseases are not common in medical, let alone hematologic, practice in North America or Europe. However, much of the world’s population is infected by and becomes symptomatic as a result of a plethora of parasites, and many of these infections represent global public health problems. Although, some significant parasitic diseases are transmitted in temperate climates, the majority of parasites of significance to human health are…
At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lead to a cluster of infections in Wuhan. China. The disease caused by this virus was designated as coronavirus-disease-2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 spread globally and went on to infect millions of people on all continents except Antarctica, causing an unprecedented global impact. As of February 2021,…
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with a number of hematologic complications throughout the course of the disease. To a certain extent, these complications depend on the stage of the disease and how well controlled HIV infection is but to a certain extent it does not. In untreated infection, the major hematologic complications were cytopenias, either isolated or multiple simultaneously. As combination antiretroviral therapy (ART)…
Hematologic abnormalities are commonly seen among patients with malignancy. These derangements range from the incidental to the life-threatening and may complicate management or prompt the initiation of additional or alternative therapies. Hematologic abnormalities can be seen as the initial manifestation of cancer, providing a crucial diagnostic clue. In addition, the hematologic aspects of cancer, and the therapies that we use to treat these irregularities, can provide…
The hematologic system is intricately connected to other vital organs. There are multiple pathways that affect the red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells, platelets, and hemostasis. This chapter will discuss the hematologic abnormalities encountered in liver disease, renal disease, splenic dysfunction, heart failure, respiratory disease, and endocrinopathies. For further details about the individual blood systems affected, the reader should refer to the specific chapters dealing…
Hematologic conditions are often seen during pregnancy as part of normal physiology and complications of varying severity. The primary physiologic, hematologic changes during pregnancy relate to the expansion of plasma volume and the prothrombotic state that develops as the pregnancy advances. They are thought to prepare the mother and fetus for eventual placental separation. Understanding the complex physiology of pregnancy and the interplay with hematology facilitates…
The neonatal and pediatric stages are periods of rapid physiologic changes, some of which affect the hemostatic system. The hemostatic system is a dynamic system that evolves gradually from birth into the mature adult form. Evaluation of bleeding and clotting disorders in children requires an understanding of the evolution of physiologic normal values for age, the congenital disorders that present in early life, and the common…
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent sustained cardiac arrhythmia, affecting approximately 3% of adults worldwide. Its prevalence and incidence are rising continuously with the increasingly aging population. AF is associated with impaired prognosis, increased risk of all-cause mortality, stroke, heart failure, and hospital admissions, in addition to poor quality of life. Importantly, AF should not be considered in isolation regarding the process of prevention, detection,…
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is an important manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis with significant morbidity and mortality.PAD affects the lower extremities and is defined as a stenosis or occlusion in the aorta or the arteries supplying blood to the legs, including the iliac, femoral, popliteal, or infrapopliteal vessels (peroneal, posterior tibial, and anterior tibial arteries). Stenosis is typically caused by atherosclerosis. Nonatherosclerotic causes of vascular disease also…
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) leads to millions of hospital admissions worldwide each year and is a leading cause of death. Antithrombotic therapies are a cornerstone in the immediate and long-term management of ACS, reducing the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and death in both medically and invasively managed patients. This chapter reviews fibrinolytic, antiplatelet, and anticoagulant therapies in the treatment of patients with ACS and provides…
Stroke is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide and a leading cause of acquired adult disability. Primary stroke subtypes include ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Each stroke subtype has differing etiologies, outcomes, and management strategies. In the past 30 years, there have been major advances in the diagnosis (emergence of widely available neuroimaging) and treatment of acute stroke. In addition, there…