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Butorphanol

General information Butorphanol is a synthetic 14-hydroxymorphinan analogue with a low dependence potential and a low propensity to cause opioid adverse effects [ ]. It is a synthetic KOR (OP2, κ) receptor agonist and MOR (OP3, μ) receptor antagonist. General adverse effects and adverse reactions In some patients, effective doses cause troublesome effects. For example, in a randomized study of patients with sickle-cell crisis who received…

Busulfan

See also Cytotoxic and immunosuppressant drugs General information Busulfan is an alkylating agent that is used to treat myeloproliferative disorders and to produce myeloablation before bone marrow or stem cell transplantation. Busulfan is metabolized by hepatic glutathione S -transferase, the activity of which correlates negatively with busulfan maximum and minimum concentrations and positively with busulfan clearance [ ]. General adverse effects and adverse reactions Leukemic patients…

Buspirone

General information Buspirone, an azapirone drug, similar to its analogues ipsaperone and tandospirone, is chemically and pharmacologically dissimilar to the benzodiazepines and is useful in both generalized anxiety and depression [ ]. In contrast to benzodiazepines, buspirone has an antidepressant-like therapeutic latency [ ], and for this reason it needs to be given with considerable education and encouragement. It is effective in children with anxiety disorders…

Burseraceae

General information The genera in the family Burseraceae ( Table 1 ) include olive and myrrh. Table 1 The genera of Burseraceae Boswellia (boswellia) Bursera (bursera) Canarium (olive) Commiphora (myrrh) Dacryodes (dacryodes) Tetragastris (tetragastris) You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Bupropion (amfebutamone)

General information Bupropion (formerly called amfebutamone) is an amphetamine-like drug. It is structurally and pharmacologically distinct from other antidepressants, and apparently enhances both dopamine and noradrenaline function in the brain [ ]. Bupropion is used to encourage smoking cessation and in some countries as an antidepressant. In some respects its adverse reactions profile is similar to that of the SSRIs: insomnia, agitation, tremor, and nausea are…

Buprenorphine

General information Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at MOR (μ, OP3) opioid receptors and an antagonist at KOR (κ, OP2) receptors. In a double-blind, randomized study of three groups of 18 patients having abdominal surgery who received single doses of either intramuscular pethidine 75 mg, with sublingual buprenorphine 400 micrograms, or buprenorphine 300 micrograms alone, sedation and nausea were the most common adverse effects in all…

Bupivacaine

See also Anesthetics, local General information Bupivacaine is a long-acting aminoamide local anesthetic with significantly more systemic toxicity than lidocaine. In a randomized controlled study after total knee arthroplasty in 14 patients the effects of a continuous infusion of intra-articular bupivacaine were examined [ ]. The patients were randomized to three groups who received 4 ml/hour of isotonic saline, bupivacaine 0.25%, and bupivacaine 0.5%. Opioid-sparing effects…

Bumetanide

See also Diuretics General information Bumetanide is very similar in most respects to furosemide, although it is more potent mole for mole. An oral dose of 1–4 mg often suffices for ordinary use compared with 40–160 mg of furosemide. Most adverse reactions to bumetanide are the same as with furosemide. However, it is less ototoxic and can cause muscle cramps, which furosemide does not. Organs and…

Buflomedil

General information Buflomedil hydrochloride is a vasoactive drug with a variety of actions. It is an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist and a weak calcium channel blocker. It inhibits platelet aggregation and improves erythrocyte deformability. However, its mechanism of action in peripheral vascular disease is not known. Buflomedil has generally been well tolerated by most patients in clinical trials [ ]. The most frequently reported adverse effects include flushing,…

Bucillamine

General information Bucillamine (mercaptomethylpropanoylcysteine) is chemically related to penicillamine and is also used in rheumatoid arthritis. Most of the information on bucillamine comes from Japan, its country of origin [ ]. The patterns of adverse reactions to sulfhydryl compounds that are used in rheumatoid arthritis (bucillamine, pyritinol, and tiopronin) show remarkable similarities to those of penicillamine [ ]. Drug studies Comparative studies In a retrospective 12-month…

Bryostatins

General information Bryostatins are naturally occurring antineoplastic macrocyclic lactones derived from the marine invertebrate Bugula neritina , different varieties being isolated from different populations of the same species. More than 13 structurally related compounds have been isolated [ , ], and there is a variety of synthetic analogues [ ]. The bryostatins modulate the activity of protein kinase C. Bryostatin 1 binds to the regulatory domain…

Brotizolam

See also Benzodiazepines General information Brotizolam is a triazolothienodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia and also has anticonvulsant, antianxiety and muscle relaxant properties. It reduces latency to sleep, reduces the number of awakenings and waking time during sleep, and increases total sleep time [ ]. It may delay the onset of REM sleep but has no effect on slow-wave sleep [ ]. It has an…

Brompheniramine

See also Antihistamines General information Brompheniramine is a first-generation antihistamine, an alkylamine derivative, with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative actions. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Bromocriptine

General information Bromocriptine is an ergot derivative. High doses (for example 30–75 mg/day orally) are used in Parkinson’s disease; low doses (2.5–5.0 mg/day) are used for prostatic tumors and to suppress lactation. The adverse reactions are dose-dependent and, so far as is known, reversible, but they are frequent, being experienced in up to 50% of cases. At any dose, nausea, vomiting, and postural hypotension are problematic…