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Bucillamine

General information Bucillamine (mercaptomethylpropanoylcysteine) is chemically related to penicillamine and is also used in rheumatoid arthritis. Most of the information on bucillamine comes from Japan, its country of origin [ ]. The patterns of adverse reactions to sulfhydryl compounds that are used in rheumatoid arthritis (bucillamine, pyritinol, and tiopronin) show remarkable similarities to those of penicillamine [ ]. Drug studies Comparative studies In a retrospective 12-month…

Bryostatins

General information Bryostatins are naturally occurring antineoplastic macrocyclic lactones derived from the marine invertebrate Bugula neritina , different varieties being isolated from different populations of the same species. More than 13 structurally related compounds have been isolated [ , ], and there is a variety of synthetic analogues [ ]. The bryostatins modulate the activity of protein kinase C. Bryostatin 1 binds to the regulatory domain…

Brotizolam

See also Benzodiazepines General information Brotizolam is a triazolothienodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia and also has anticonvulsant, antianxiety and muscle relaxant properties. It reduces latency to sleep, reduces the number of awakenings and waking time during sleep, and increases total sleep time [ ]. It may delay the onset of REM sleep but has no effect on slow-wave sleep [ ]. It has an…

Brompheniramine

See also Antihistamines General information Brompheniramine is a first-generation antihistamine, an alkylamine derivative, with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative actions. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Bromocriptine

General information Bromocriptine is an ergot derivative. High doses (for example 30–75 mg/day orally) are used in Parkinson’s disease; low doses (2.5–5.0 mg/day) are used for prostatic tumors and to suppress lactation. The adverse reactions are dose-dependent and, so far as is known, reversible, but they are frequent, being experienced in up to 50% of cases. At any dose, nausea, vomiting, and postural hypotension are problematic…

Bromhexine

General information Bromhexine is taken orally or by aerosol and reduces sputum viscosity as measured ex vivo. Although it is still used empirically by some physicians, there have been no controlled studies showing a significant improvement in clinical status or lung function. Administration by inhalation aerosol or nasal spray produces a local expectorant/mucolytic effect [ ]. Inhaled bromhexine (Paxirasol) reduces the amount of sputum, but does…

Bromfenac sodium

See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) General information Bromfenac sodium (2-amino-3-(4-bromo-benzoyl)-benzeneacetic acid sodium salt sesquihydrate) has a safety profile apparently similar to that of other NSAIDs [ ]. It was approved by the FDA in 1997 for short-term management of acute pain, but was withdrawn by the manufacturers in 1998. Bromfenac sodium ophthalmic solution 0.1%, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for ophthalmic use, has been reviewed…

Bromazepam

See also Benzodiazepines General information Bromazepam, a moderately short-acting benzodiazepine (half-life about 12 hours), has been used in the treatment of anxiety states and has the usual effects of benzodiazepines, for example amnesia and depressed psychomotor performance, although it causes less depression than lorazepam [ ]. Organs and systems Nervous system The mechanism of rare extrapyramidal reactions to bromazepam is unexplained [ ]. You’re Reading a…

Brimonidine

General information Brimonidine is a highly selective potent α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist, which is distinguished from clonidine by a chemical modification that reduces its ability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Like apraclonidine, brimonidine has been used to treat glaucoma. However, unlike apraclonidine, it both reduces aqueous humor production and increases aqueous outflow through the uveoscleral pathway. The most common adverse reactions to brimonidine are dry mouth,…

Bretylium

General information Bretylium, originally introduced as a hypotensive agent but no longer used as such, has not been extensively used as an antidysrhythmic drug. Its clinical pharmacology, uses, efficacy, and adverse effects have been reviewed [ ]. Adverse reactions have reportedly caused the need for withdrawal in about 7% of patients [ ]. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for…

Brequinar

General information Brequinar (DUP 785, NSC 368390) is a quinoline carboxylic acid derivative that inhibits pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase. It was originally developed as an anticancer drug, but has also been investigated for its immunosuppressant activity after transplantation. Some data suggest that that the immunosuppressant activity of brequinar may be partly due to inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation in lymphocytes [ ]. Significant adverse effects…

Brassicaceae

General information The genera in the family of Brassicaceae ( Table 1 ) include various types of brassica (cabbage, broccoli, brussels sprouts, kale, kohlrabi, pak choi, rape, turnip), mustard, and cress. Table 1 Genera of Brassicaceae Alliaria (alliaria) Neobeckia (lake cress) Alyssum (madwort) Diplotaxis (wallrocket) Nerisyrenia (fan mustard) Anelsonia (anelsonia) Dithyrea (shield pod) Neslia (neslia) Aphragmus (aphragmus) Draba (draba) Parrya (parrya) Arabidopsis (rock cress) Dryopetalon (dryopetalon)…

Botulinum toxins

General information Botulinum toxins A and B, which are produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum , are used for the treatment of facial rhytides (for example, lateral orbital wrinkles, lower eyelid wrinkles, and labial lines), by producing weakness or paralysis of the associated muscles, and in the treatment of hyperhidrosis. The toxin binds with high affinity to peripheral cholinergic nerve endings, such as those at the…

Bosentan

See also Endothelin receptor antagonists General information Bosentan is an endothelin-A and endothelin-B receptor antagonist. It is effective in pulmonary arterial hypertension [ , ] and has been marketed for this indication. The studies showed an improvement in exercise capacity and dyspnea and an increased time to clinical worsening. Efficacy in pulmonary hypertension has also been reported in an open study with a selective endothelin-A receptor…