See also Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists General information Esmolol is a β 1 -selective adrenoceptor antagonist with an extremely short half-life (about 10 minutes), because of extensive metabolism by esterases in blood, liver, and other tissues. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
General information Erythropoietin is an endogenous glycosylated protein hormone that is produced mainly in the kidneys and stimulates the production of members of the erythroid series of blood cells. Epoetin is the name that has been given to recombinant forms, of which there are several, including epoetin alfa, epoetin beta, epoetin theta, and epoetin zeta. Darbepoetin alfa is a supersialylated form of erythropoietin with a longer…
See also Macrolide antibiotics General information For some decades erythromycin was the only macrolide antibiotic available, but with the development of new macrolides with remarkable pharmacokinetic and safety features [ ], it has met fierce competition and has, at least in some health-care systems, lost its place as the most important macrolide. Patients who took erythromycin during its premarket clinical trials reported that abdominal pain, anorexia,…
General information Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are effective in the targeted treatment of various malignancies. Imatinib was the first to be introduced into clinical oncology, and it was followed by drugs such as erlotinib, gefitinib, sorafenib, sunitinib, and dasatinib. Although they are all competitive inhibitors at the ATP catalytic binding site of tyrosine kinase, they differ from each other in the spectrum of targeted kinases, pharmacokinetics, and…
General information The genera in the family of Ericaceae ( Table 1 ) include heather, huckleberry, and rhododendron. Table 1 Genera of Ericaceae Agarista (Florida hobblebush) Epigaea (trailing arbutus) Menziesia (menziesia) Andromeda (bog rosemary) Erica (heath) Ornithostaphylos (ornithostaphylos) Arbutus (madrone) Gaultheria (snowberry) Oxydendrum (swamp cranberry) Arctostaphylos (manzanita) Gaylussacia (huckleberry) Phyllodoce (mountain heath) Befaria (befaria) Gonocalyx (brittle leaf) Pieris (fetter bush) Calluna (heather) Harrimanella (harrimanella) Rhododendron (rhododendron)…
General information The ergot alkaloids are dopamine receptor agonists. Ergot derivatives include ergotamine tartrate, dihydroergotamine, ergometrine (also called ergonovine), and methylergotamine (also called methylergonovine). They are potent α 1 -adrenoceptor and 5-HT receptor antagonists. Ergotamine and dihydroergotamine Ergotamine and dihydroergotamine have been used in preventing migraine attacks and dihydroergotamine in the treatment of hypotension (either orthostatic or caused by spinal or epidural anesthesia). When dihydroergotamine was…
General information Eptifibatide is a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor. Drug studies Comparative studies In a systematic review of comparisons of eptifibatide (n = 2812) and abciximab (n = 729), there were no differences in the incidences of in-hospital death (4.1% with abciximab versus 3.5% with eptifibatide), recurrent myocardial infarction (0.8% versus 1.2%), or strokes/transient ischemic attacks (0.7% versus 0.6%) [ ]. There was no difference in the…
General information Eprozinol hydrochloride inhibits bronchoconstriction by an action on histamine H 1 receptors [ , ] and has been used in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
See also : Angiotensin II receptor antagonists General information Eprosartan is a non-biphenyl, non-tetrazole competitive antagonist at angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors that is chemically distinct from other angiotensin II receptor antagonists [ ]. It causes dual blockade of AT1 receptors both presynaptically and postsynaptically, reducing sympathetic nerve activity significantly more than other receptor antagonists. Its use in hypertension has been reviewed [ ]. You’re…
General information Eprazinone hydrochloride is a cough suppressant that is also reported to have expectorant properties. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
See also Prostaglandins General information Epoprostenol is PGI 2 available for exogenous administration. It has become the preferred long-term treatment for patients with primary pulmonary hypertension who continue to have symptoms in spite of conventional therapy. However, tolerance, which always occurs, has made dosing uncertain. The effectiveness of epoprostenol given according to an aggressive dosing strategy for longer than 1 year has been investigated in these…
General information Eplerenone is a potassium-sparing diuretic. It is similar to spironolactone as an aldosterone antagonist, but has less affinity for androgen and progesterone receptors and may therefore have fewer adverse effects [ ]. Eplerenone is metabolized by CYP3A4 [ ] and should not be given with inhibitors of CYP3A4 because of the risk of hyperkalemia [ ]. Eplerenone has been compared with spironolactone in patients…
General information Ephedra consists of a mixture of different members of the Ephedraceae family ( E. sinica , E. equisetina , and E. gerardiana ). Its actions are due to the presence of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. Both ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are worryingly popular [ ] and are widely available without prescription. Oral doses of ephedrine 25–30 mg are often prescribed, for example for orthostatic hypotension. Lower…
See also : Parenteral nutrition General information Enteral nutrition refers to any method of feeding that involves instillation of food into the gastrointestinal tract, such as normal feeding, feeding by nasogastric or nasoenteric tube, or feeding into a gastrostomy or enterostomy (for example a so-called PEG, a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy). Enteral nutrition should be tailored to the needs of the individual, but on average should provide…
General information Entecavir is used in treatment-naïve hepatitis B e antigen positive patients and those with evidence of lamivudine resistance. Drug studies Comparative studies In a comparison of entecavir and lamivudine, diminution of viral titers reached 7 log 10 units [ ]. There were no significant differences in adverse events compared with lamivudine. Most of the adverse events were mild or moderate and the incidences were…
General information Entacapone is an inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase, which catalyses a relatively minor pathway of dopamine metabolism. It therefore enhances the action of dopamine. The safety of entacapone has been specifically addressed in a Finnish study in 326 patients (mean age 62 years, 217 men) taking levodopa plus a decarboxylase inhibitor [ ]. Two-thirds were randomized to take entacapone 200 mg/day and the remainder to take…
See also Prostaglandins General information Enprostil is a synthetic analogue of PGE 2 , which has been used to treat peptic ulceration [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
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See also Phosphodiesterase type III inhibitors General information Enoximone is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type III, and has a positive inotropic effect. Its most common adverse effects are gastrointestinal and cardiac. The gastrointestinal effects include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea [ , ]. Other rarely reported adverse effects include thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, increased appetite, increased serum activity of alanine transaminase, hyperglycemia, headache, lethargy, anxiety, dyspnea, and rashes…
General information Enfuvirtide is a 36 amino acid synthetic peptide used for managing HIV treatment-experienced patients. It is a fusion inhibitor that binds to HR 1, blocking a conformational change on gp41 required for the fusion of the lipid envelope of HIV to the cytoplasmic membrane of CD4 T lymphocytes, thus preventing viral entry [ ]. Enfuvirtide has poor oral systemic availability and is formulated as…