General information Eplerenone is a potassium-sparing diuretic. It is similar to spironolactone as an aldosterone antagonist, but has less affinity for androgen and progesterone receptors and may therefore have fewer adverse effects [ ]. Eplerenone is metabolized by CYP3A4 [ ] and should not be given with inhibitors of CYP3A4 because of the risk of hyperkalemia [ ]. Eplerenone has been compared with spironolactone in patients…

General information Ephedra consists of a mixture of different members of the Ephedraceae family ( E. sinica , E. equisetina , and E. gerardiana ). Its actions are due to the presence of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. Both ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are worryingly popular [ ] and are widely available without prescription. Oral doses of ephedrine 25–30 mg are often prescribed, for example for orthostatic hypotension. Lower…

See also : Parenteral nutrition General information Enteral nutrition refers to any method of feeding that involves instillation of food into the gastrointestinal tract, such as normal feeding, feeding by nasogastric or nasoenteric tube, or feeding into a gastrostomy or enterostomy (for example a so-called PEG, a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy). Enteral nutrition should be tailored to the needs of the individual, but on average should provide…

General information Entecavir is used in treatment-naïve hepatitis B e antigen positive patients and those with evidence of lamivudine resistance. Drug studies Comparative studies In a comparison of entecavir and lamivudine, diminution of viral titers reached 7 log 10 units [ ]. There were no significant differences in adverse events compared with lamivudine. Most of the adverse events were mild or moderate and the incidences were…

General information Entacapone is an inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase, which catalyses a relatively minor pathway of dopamine metabolism. It therefore enhances the action of dopamine. The safety of entacapone has been specifically addressed in a Finnish study in 326 patients (mean age 62 years, 217 men) taking levodopa plus a decarboxylase inhibitor [ ]. Two-thirds were randomized to take entacapone 200 mg/day and the remainder to take…

See also Prostaglandins General information Enprostil is a synthetic analogue of PGE 2 , which has been used to treat peptic ulceration [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

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See also Phosphodiesterase type III inhibitors General information Enoximone is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type III, and has a positive inotropic effect. Its most common adverse effects are gastrointestinal and cardiac. The gastrointestinal effects include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea [ , ]. Other rarely reported adverse effects include thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, increased appetite, increased serum activity of alanine transaminase, hyperglycemia, headache, lethargy, anxiety, dyspnea, and rashes…

General information Enfuvirtide is a 36 amino acid synthetic peptide used for managing HIV treatment-experienced patients. It is a fusion inhibitor that binds to HR 1, blocking a conformational change on gp41 required for the fusion of the lipid envelope of HIV to the cytoplasmic membrane of CD4 T lymphocytes, thus preventing viral entry [ ]. Enfuvirtide has poor oral systemic availability and is formulated as…

General information Enflurane is a non-explosive halogenated volatile anesthetic that was first marketed in 1966. It was developed in the search for agents safer than halothane and methoxyflurane [ ]. However, the list of its halothane-like adverse effects has continued to grow. Organs and systems Cardiovascular Despite conflicting results, enflurane is generally considered to have little effect on the cardiovascular system. Cardiac output was mildly influenced…

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General information Encainide is a class I antidysrhythmic drug. Reviews of its clinical pharmacology, clinical use, efficacy, and adverse effects have appeared [ ]. Organs and systems Cardiovascular In the wake of the preliminary and final reports of the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) [ , ], which showed that there was an increased risk of death among patients who took encainide and flecainide after myocardial…

See also Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors General information Enalapril is an ACE inhibitor used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure and prophylactically in patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. Organs and systems Cardiovascular Of all studies of the effects of ACE inhibitors on mortality in acute myocardial infarction, only the CONSENSUS II trial did not show a positive effect. In this trial enalaprilat was infused…

General information Enadoline is an opioid agonist at KOR (OP2, κ) receptors and has no effects attributable to MOR (OP3, μ) receptor actions, such as respiratory depression. However, enadoline does not offer any benefits over other currently available opioids. In a comparison of enadoline with morphine 10 mg enadoline 25 micrograms produced similar pain relief to morphine 10 mg, although of shorter duration; however, enadoline was…

See also Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) General information Emtricitabine is nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) used in the treatment of HIV General adverse effects and adverse reactions The most common adverse events during the use of regimens containing emtricitabine in combination with tenofovir and efavirenz were dizziness (8%), nausea (8–9%), diarrhea (7–8%), fatigue (7–8%), depression (4–7%), headache (5%), rash (5%), insomnia (4–5%), and hyperpigmentation (3%).…

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See also : Anticholinergic drugs General information Emepronium bromide is an anticholinergic drug. Doses of 200 mg tds (sometimes with a double dose in the evenings) are useful in relieving urinary frequency. It causes the expected milder anticholinergic adverse effects. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Antihistamines General information Emedastine is a potent second-generation antihistamine with proven efficacy in allergic conjunctivitis [ ]. Drug studies You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Eflornithine is a specific irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, the enzyme involved in the first step of mammalian polyamine biosynthesis [ ]. Decarboxylation of ornithine is an obligatory and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of polyamines, such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. These low molecular weight polyamines play an essential role in the growth, differentiation, and replication of the cell by participating in nucleic…

See also Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) General information Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with excellent inhibitory activity against HIV-1. Its most frequent adverse effects involve the central nervous system and the skin [ ]. At the start of therapy, dizziness, insomnia, or fatigue is observed in most patients, and headache and even psychotic reactions have also been observed. A maculopapular rash is seen…