General information Ethanol (alcohol) is a drug of frequent abuse, and has long-term adverse effects that will not be discussed here. It is sometimes used therapeutically in the following ways: topically as an astringent; by direct instillation to embolize arteries; by direct injection into nerve ganglia or around nerve trunks to destroy them and relieve severe or chronic pain (for example trigeminal neuralgia); however, the results…

See also Antituberculosis drugs General information Ethambutol is tuberculostatic and acts against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium kansasii as well as some strains of Mycobacterium avium complex. It has no effect on other bacteria. The sensitivities of non-tuberculous mycobacteria are variable. Ethambutol suppresses the growth of most isoniazid-resistant and streptomycin-resistant tubercle bacilli [ ]. Adverse reactions to ethambutol are mainly seen in patients taking very high doses,…

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General information Etanercept is a dimeric fusion protein consisting of two recombinant p75 tumor necrosis factor receptors fused with the Fc portion of human IgG1. It inhibits the binding of tumor necrosis factor alfa to its receptor and thereby neutralizes its biological activity. It has been used in the treatment of moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthropathy, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in…

General information Etamsylate (formerly also known as cyclonamine) is a synthetic water-soluble non-steroidal drug (diethylamine 2, 5-dihydroxybenzenesulphonate), which was shown many years ago to increase platelet adhesion to glass beads. Subsequent clinical studies in animals reported dose-related reduced blood loss after experimental injury associated with etamsylate [ ]. In a small, randomized, double-blind trial, etamsylate reduced the prolongation of bleeding time and associated blood loss caused…

General information Etamivan has actions similar to doxapram hydrochloride and has been used as a respiratory stimulant [ ], for example in patients with respiratory failure [ ], hypoventilation during thoracic surgery [ ], postsurgical respiratory depression [ ], perinatal asphyxia [ ], and barbiturate poisoning [ , ]. However, it has a low therapeutic index and the incidence of adverse effects from intravenous etamivan is…

General information Etacrynic acid (ethacrynic acid) is a loop diuretic with similar actions to furosemide and bumetanide. However, it causes more adverse reactions than other loop diuretics and offers no clear advantages. Organs and systems Sensory systems Etacrynic acid is ototoxic after intravenous administration [ ], an effect that is dose-related. It can sometimes be permanent [ , ]. An association with nystagmus has also been…

General information For a complete account of the adverse effects of estrogens, consult the following monographs as well as this one: Diethylstilbestrol Hormonal contraceptives—emergency contraception Hormonal contraceptives—oral Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + androgens Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + progestogens. The physiological secretion of endogenous estrogens rises and falls during the monthly cycle; it is much lower before the menarche and after the menopause than during…

See also Omeprazole ; Proton pump inhibitors General information Esomeprazole is the S-isomer of omeprazole. The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of esomeprazole have been reviewed [ ]. Esomeprazole produces acid control comparable to that of currently available proton pump inhibitors. It undergoes less hepatic metabolism than omeprazole, has an oral availability of 89% at a dose of 40 mg, and a half-life of 1.5 hours.…

See also Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists General information Esmolol is a β 1 -selective adrenoceptor antagonist with an extremely short half-life (about 10 minutes), because of extensive metabolism by esterases in blood, liver, and other tissues. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Erythropoietin is an endogenous glycosylated protein hormone that is produced mainly in the kidneys and stimulates the production of members of the erythroid series of blood cells. Epoetin is the name that has been given to recombinant forms, of which there are several, including epoetin alfa, epoetin beta, epoetin theta, and epoetin zeta. Darbepoetin alfa is a supersialylated form of erythropoietin with a longer…

See also Macrolide antibiotics General information For some decades erythromycin was the only macrolide antibiotic available, but with the development of new macrolides with remarkable pharmacokinetic and safety features [ ], it has met fierce competition and has, at least in some health-care systems, lost its place as the most important macrolide. Patients who took erythromycin during its premarket clinical trials reported that abdominal pain, anorexia,…

General information Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are effective in the targeted treatment of various malignancies. Imatinib was the first to be introduced into clinical oncology, and it was followed by drugs such as erlotinib, gefitinib, sorafenib, sunitinib, and dasatinib. Although they are all competitive inhibitors at the ATP catalytic binding site of tyrosine kinase, they differ from each other in the spectrum of targeted kinases, pharmacokinetics, and…

General information The genera in the family of Ericaceae ( Table 1 ) include heather, huckleberry, and rhododendron. Table 1 Genera of Ericaceae Agarista (Florida hobblebush) Epigaea (trailing arbutus) Menziesia (menziesia) Andromeda (bog rosemary) Erica (heath) Ornithostaphylos (ornithostaphylos) Arbutus (madrone) Gaultheria (snowberry) Oxydendrum (swamp cranberry) Arctostaphylos (manzanita) Gaylussacia (huckleberry) Phyllodoce (mountain heath) Befaria (befaria) Gonocalyx (brittle leaf) Pieris (fetter bush) Calluna (heather) Harrimanella (harrimanella) Rhododendron (rhododendron)…

General information The ergot alkaloids are dopamine receptor agonists. Ergot derivatives include ergotamine tartrate, dihydroergotamine, ergometrine (also called ergonovine), and methylergotamine (also called methylergonovine). They are potent α 1 -adrenoceptor and 5-HT receptor antagonists. Ergotamine and dihydroergotamine Ergotamine and dihydroergotamine have been used in preventing migraine attacks and dihydroergotamine in the treatment of hypotension (either orthostatic or caused by spinal or epidural anesthesia). When dihydroergotamine was…

General information Eptifibatide is a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor. Drug studies Comparative studies In a systematic review of comparisons of eptifibatide (n = 2812) and abciximab (n = 729), there were no differences in the incidences of in-hospital death (4.1% with abciximab versus 3.5% with eptifibatide), recurrent myocardial infarction (0.8% versus 1.2%), or strokes/transient ischemic attacks (0.7% versus 0.6%) [ ]. There was no difference in the…

General information Eprozinol hydrochloride inhibits bronchoconstriction by an action on histamine H 1 receptors [ , ] and has been used in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also : Angiotensin II receptor antagonists General information Eprosartan is a non-biphenyl, non-tetrazole competitive antagonist at angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors that is chemically distinct from other angiotensin II receptor antagonists [ ]. It causes dual blockade of AT1 receptors both presynaptically and postsynaptically, reducing sympathetic nerve activity significantly more than other receptor antagonists. Its use in hypertension has been reviewed [ ]. You’re…

General information Eprazinone hydrochloride is a cough suppressant that is also reported to have expectorant properties. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Prostaglandins General information Epoprostenol is PGI 2 available for exogenous administration. It has become the preferred long-term treatment for patients with primary pulmonary hypertension who continue to have symptoms in spite of conventional therapy. However, tolerance, which always occurs, has made dosing uncertain. The effectiveness of epoprostenol given according to an aggressive dosing strategy for longer than 1 year has been investigated in these…