General information Everolimus is an immunosuppressive macrolide that also has synergistic actions with ciclosporin and interrupts the proliferative responses of vascular and bronchial smooth muscle cells. In a phase I trial, its safety profile and pharmacokinetics were assessed during a 4-week course of once-daily sequential ascending doses (0.75, 2.5, or 7.5 mg/day) in renal transplant recipients on a stable regimen of ciclosporin and prednisone [ ].…

General information The genera in the family of Euphorbiaceae ( Table 1 ) include various spurges, such as poinsettia and croton. Table 1 Genera of Euphorbiaceae Acalypha (copperleaf) Croton (croton) Mercurialis (mercurialis) Adelia (wild lime) Dalechampia (dalechampia) Pedilanthus (pedilanthus) Alchornea (alchornea) Ditta (ditta) Pera (pera) Alchorneopsis (alchorneopsis) Drypetes (drypetes) Phyllanthus (leaf flower) Aleurites (aleurites) Euphorbia (spurge) Reverchonia (reverchonia) Antidesma (china laurel) Flueggea (bushweed) Ricinus (castor) Argythamnia…

General information Etomidate, a non-barbiturate anesthetic, is considered to be safe, especially in patients with hemodynamic instability. The most common complications of using etomidate are venous sequelae, pain on injection [ ], and involuntary muscle movements [ ]. Organs and systems Cardiovascular The cardiorespiratory tolerance of etomidate is usually excellent [ ], but cardiovascular instability has been described after a bolus dose [ ]. You’re Reading…

See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) General information Etodolac, a pyranocarboxylic acid, was first marketed in the UK in 1986. By 1988, etodolac had been reported 27 times to the UK Committee on Safety of Medicines as being suspected of causing serious adverse reactions [ ]. In a French postmarketing safety study in 51 355 patients taking 200–600 mg/day, 10% of patients reported a total of…

General information Etifoxine is a non-benzodiazepine drug, licensed in France for psychosomatic manifestations of anxiety. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Etidocaine is a highly lipid-soluble, long-acting aminoamide. It has a similar adverse reactions profile to that of bupivacaine and there is an increased risk of life-threatening cardiac events compared with lidocaine [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Ethylenediamine is used to improve the solubility of theophylline in the formulation known as aminophylline (theophylline ethylenediamine). Aminophylline is converted to theophylline after oral and intravenous administration. Ethylenediamine is also used as a stabilizer in creams and ointments. Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid is a chelating agent that is used as an anticoagulant for collecting blood samples and for removing calcium from experimental fluids in laboratories.…

See also Disinfectants and antiseptics General information Ethylene oxide is a gas that is used in the sterilization of equipment too large for other techniques, and for sterilizing rubber, plastic goods, and other materials that are damaged by heat and not adequately disinfected by other cold methods. Ethylene oxide is highly toxic. If it is not eliminated after sterilization it can produce severe irritation and burns.…

See also Antiepileptic drugs General information The main adverse reactions to ethosuximide include gastrointestinal disturbances, anorexia, dizziness, fatigue, drowsiness, headache, mood and behavioral disturbances, dyskinesias, and hiccups [ ]. Skin rashes (including Stevens–Johnson syndrome), systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, nephrotic syndrome, blood dyscrasias, liver dysfunction, and autoimmune thyroiditis are rare. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become…

See also Antituberculosis drugs General information Ethionamide is a synthetic derivative of thio-isonicotinamide. The initial oral dosage for adults is 250 mg/day, slowly increasing up to 15–20 mg/kg/day (maximum 1 g/day). Protionamide is a pyridine derivative of ethionamide. The dosage is 250–300 mg Ethionamide and protionamide have often proved to be effective in non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections. Acute rheumatic symptoms and difficulty in the management of diabetes…

General information Etherified starches are synthetic colloids containing over 90% amylopectin, a waxy starch derived from maize, that has been variably etherified. There are two major forms, hetastarch and pentastarch (both BAN and USAN). They are produced synthetically by introducing hydroxyethyl groups into glucose units of starch molecules, followed by acid hydrolysis, which results in a product with a molecular weight of several thousands of daltons.…

General information Ethanol (alcohol) is a drug of frequent abuse, and has long-term adverse effects that will not be discussed here. It is sometimes used therapeutically in the following ways: topically as an astringent; by direct instillation to embolize arteries; by direct injection into nerve ganglia or around nerve trunks to destroy them and relieve severe or chronic pain (for example trigeminal neuralgia); however, the results…

See also Antituberculosis drugs General information Ethambutol is tuberculostatic and acts against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium kansasii as well as some strains of Mycobacterium avium complex. It has no effect on other bacteria. The sensitivities of non-tuberculous mycobacteria are variable. Ethambutol suppresses the growth of most isoniazid-resistant and streptomycin-resistant tubercle bacilli [ ]. Adverse reactions to ethambutol are mainly seen in patients taking very high doses,…

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General information Etanercept is a dimeric fusion protein consisting of two recombinant p75 tumor necrosis factor receptors fused with the Fc portion of human IgG1. It inhibits the binding of tumor necrosis factor alfa to its receptor and thereby neutralizes its biological activity. It has been used in the treatment of moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthropathy, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in…

General information Etamsylate (formerly also known as cyclonamine) is a synthetic water-soluble non-steroidal drug (diethylamine 2, 5-dihydroxybenzenesulphonate), which was shown many years ago to increase platelet adhesion to glass beads. Subsequent clinical studies in animals reported dose-related reduced blood loss after experimental injury associated with etamsylate [ ]. In a small, randomized, double-blind trial, etamsylate reduced the prolongation of bleeding time and associated blood loss caused…

General information Etamivan has actions similar to doxapram hydrochloride and has been used as a respiratory stimulant [ ], for example in patients with respiratory failure [ ], hypoventilation during thoracic surgery [ ], postsurgical respiratory depression [ ], perinatal asphyxia [ ], and barbiturate poisoning [ , ]. However, it has a low therapeutic index and the incidence of adverse effects from intravenous etamivan is…

General information Etacrynic acid (ethacrynic acid) is a loop diuretic with similar actions to furosemide and bumetanide. However, it causes more adverse reactions than other loop diuretics and offers no clear advantages. Organs and systems Sensory systems Etacrynic acid is ototoxic after intravenous administration [ ], an effect that is dose-related. It can sometimes be permanent [ , ]. An association with nystagmus has also been…

General information For a complete account of the adverse effects of estrogens, consult the following monographs as well as this one: Diethylstilbestrol Hormonal contraceptives—emergency contraception Hormonal contraceptives—oral Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + androgens Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + progestogens. The physiological secretion of endogenous estrogens rises and falls during the monthly cycle; it is much lower before the menarche and after the menopause than during…

See also Omeprazole ; Proton pump inhibitors General information Esomeprazole is the S-isomer of omeprazole. The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of esomeprazole have been reviewed [ ]. Esomeprazole produces acid control comparable to that of currently available proton pump inhibitors. It undergoes less hepatic metabolism than omeprazole, has an oral availability of 89% at a dose of 40 mg, and a half-life of 1.5 hours.…