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KEY FACTS Terminology Accentuated thoracic ± reduced normal cervical, lumbar lordotic spinal curvature Normal 20-40°, hyperkyphotic if > 40° Curvature secondary to vertebral anomalies, degenerative spine disease, or idiopathic causes Imaging Accentuated dorsal thoracic curvature on lateral image Look for vertebral anomalies in patient with scoliosis or kyphosis Common in thoracic spine but can occur at any spinal level Top Differential Diagnoses Scheuermann kyphosis Wedging of…
KEY FACTS Terminology General term for any lateral curvature of spine (≥ 10°) Imaging Lateral curvature of spine Returns to midline at ends of curve Rotational component common Most commonly thoracic or thoracolumbar Imaging approach Radiography for initial diagnosis Multiplanar MR to screen for bone, cord abnormalities CT for surgical planning, complications Top Differential Diagnoses Idiopathic scoliosis Neuromuscular scoliosis Congenital scoliosis Scoliosis due to congenital syndromes…
Terminology Scoliosis is considered to be present when there is a coronal plane curvature of the spine measuring at least 10°. However, treatment is not generally instituted unless the curvature is > 20-25°. The curvature may be balanced (returning to midline) or unbalanced. The vertebrae at the ends of the curve are designated the terminal (or end) vertebrae, whereas the apical vertebra is at the curve…
KEY FACTS Terminology Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED) Group of generalized skeletal dysplasias primarily involving vertebrae, proximal epiphyseal centers Affected patients demonstrate short trunk, neck, and limbs with normal hand and foot size Imaging Platyspondyly, vertebral hypoplasia & underossification, abnormal epiphyses ± pannus at C1/C2, os odontoideum Delayed ossification of capital femoral epiphysis → femoral head flattening, premature osteoarthritis Top Differential Diagnoses Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia Multiple epiphyseal…
KEY FACTS Terminology Genetic disorder of type I collagen resulting in bone fragility Classified into 4 types based on clinical, genetic, and radiographic criteria You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
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KEY FACTS Terminology Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are inherited lysosomal storage disorders MPS I: Hurler; MPS II: Hunter; MPS III: Sanfillipo; MPS IV: Morquio You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS Terminology Synonym: Trisomy 21 You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS Terminology Rare autosomal dominant disease from chromosomal 22 defect in which all patients develop CNS tumors Mnemonic for NF2 tumors: M ultiple i nherited s chwannomas, m eningiomas, and e pendymomas (MISME) Top Differential Diagnoses Metastases Hemangioblastomas Nonsyndromic schwannoma Nonsyndromic meningioma Nonsyndromic ependymoma Lymphoma Pathology 22q12 deletion correlates with loss of NF2 gene product “merlin” (a.k.a. schwannomin) Definite diagnosis of NF2 Bilateral CNVIII (vestibular)…
KEY FACTS Terminology Synonyms: von Recklinghausen disease, peripheral neurofibromatosis Mesodermal dysplasia with neurofibromas (NFs), spinal deformity, neoplastic and nonneoplastic brain lesions, and cutaneous stigmata Imaging Kyphoscoliosis ± multiple nerve root tumors, plexiform NF, dural ectasia/lateral meningocele Tumors range from tiny to very large Top Differential Diagnoses Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2, central neurofibromatosis) Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Congenital hypertrophic polyradiculoneuropathies Pathology Autosomal dominant Characteristic lesion is plexiform…
KEY FACTS Terminology Lateral thoracic meningocele, lateral lumbar meningocele Imaging CSF-filled dural/arachnoidal sac protrudes laterally through neural foramen Pedicular erosion, foraminal enlargement, dural dysplasia Bilateral meningoceles: Consider neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Marfan syndrome Top Differential Diagnoses Nerve sheath tumor Radicular (meningeal) cyst Foregut duplication cyst Pathology Etiology secondary to primary meningeal dysplasia Strong association with NF1 (85%) Less common with Ehlers-Danlos, Marfan syndromes Occasionally isolated finding…
KEY FACTS Terminology Corticated oval or round ossicle (os) at odontoid process tip You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS Terminology Synonyms: Spinal enterogenous cyst, spinal enteric cyst, spinal dorsal enteric cyst You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS Terminology Synonyms: Split cord malformation (SCM), “diastem” You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS Terminology Synonyms: Segmentation anomaly, segmentation and fusion anomaly, “block vertebra” You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS Terminology Vertebral dysplasia, segmentation and fusion anomaly, “disorganized spine” Partial or complete failure of vertebral formation You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS Terminology Synonyms: Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS) Congenital spinal malformation characterized by segmentation failure of ≥ 2 cervical vertebrae ± thoracic, lumbar segmentation failure You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS Terminology Congenital sacral tumor containing elements of all 3 germ layers You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS Terminology Spinal extradural arachnoid cyst (AC) located within sacrum, caudal to thecal sac termination Sacral meningeal cyst, type IB meningeal cyst Synonym: Occult intrasacral meningocele You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here