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Introduction to Clinical Echocardiography: Left-Sided Valvular Heart Disease

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Define the characteristics and causes of mitral regurgitation Know how to calculate the proximal isovelocity surface area method Describe the common causes of mitral stenosis Explain the causes of aortic regurgitation List the echocardiographic features of acute versus chronic aortic regurgitation State the three types of aortic stenosis and their echocardiographic features Explain how to…

Introduction to Echocardiographic Techniques, Terminology, and Tips

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Explain the transducer selection and patient position for a cardiac examination Describe the imaging planes used in echocardiography Define suprasternal, subcostal, apical , and parasternal Describe a normal cardiac examination using two-dimensional, color flow, Doppler, and M-mode imaging modes List and discuss the applications of color flow Doppler in the echocardiographic examination Key Terms Color…

Understanding Hemodynamics

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Understand the fundamental concepts of hemodynamics as applied to ultrasound State basic knowledge of the cardiac cycle, normal intracardiac pressures and volumes, cardiac output, stroke volume, and its mechanisms Describe the principles of blood flow velocity profiles, how they are displayed, and how they are evaluated by Doppler ultrasound Demonstrate knowledge of how to apply…

Anatomic and Physiologic Relationships Within the Thoracic Cavity

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the landmarks of the thoracic cavity Define the relational landmarks of the heart Discuss the function of the pericardial sac Differentiate the three layers of the heart wall Describe the anatomic landmarks of the cardiac chambers, valves, and interventricular septum Key Terms Atrioventricular valves Continuous murmur Costal margin Depolarization Diastolic murmur Electrocardiography Endocardium Epicardium…

Neonatal and Infant Spine

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the sonographic technique to image the neonatal and infant spinal column Describe the sonographic appearance of normal anatomy of the spinal cord, the dura, the nerve roots, and the cauda equina Describe how to determine the level of the lumbar vertebrae in the sonographic examination Describe the different clinical presentations associated with a tethered…

Infant and Pediatric Hip

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss anatomy of the neonatal hip Describe normal movements of the hip Describe sonographic evaluation of the neonatal hip, including technique and protocol Describe the normal sonographic appearance of the neonatal hip Describe the sonographic evaluation of the neonatal hip for developmental displacement of the hip Define the Barlow and Ortolani maneuvers Differentiate between subluxation…

Neonatal and Infant Head

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Recognize normal neuroanatomy as it pertains to the ultrasound examination of the preterm and term neonate Describe the coronal, sagittal, and mastoid view studies Discuss the sonographic findings in neonatal brain pathology Key Terms Aqueductal stenosis Asphyxia Atrium (trigone) of the lateral ventricle Brainstem Caudothalamic groove or notch Cerebellum Cerebrum Chiari malformations Choroid plexus Dandy-Walker…

Neonatal and Pediatric Adrenal and Urinary System

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss the sonographic approach to imaging neonatal/pediatric kidneys and adrenal glands Distinguish normal anatomy and sonographic findings from abnormal findings List and discuss the pathologic conditions covered in this chapter Key Terms Adrenal hemorrhage Angiomyolipomas Arcuate artery Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) Congenital mesoblastic nephroma Cortex Corticomedullary differentiation…

Neonatal and Pediatric Abdomen

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Understand the different pediatric stages/ages and how to increase patient cooperation List the more common hepatobiliary, pancreatic, and splenic reasons for acute abdominal pain in the pediatric population List the more common acquired and hereditary diseases and how pediatric sonography can monitor the associated chronic or malignant processes List the causes of jaundice in the…

Musculoskeletal System

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Identify the normal anatomic location and function of the tendon, ligament, muscle, nerve, and bursa Know the advantages and disadvantages of sonographic artifacts in musculoskeletal imaging Summarize the basic sonographic examinations of the shoulder, wrist/hand, and ankle Distinguish normal anatomy from common pathologic conditions of the musculoskeletal system Key Terms Achilles tendon Acromioclavicular (AC) joint…

Scrotum

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Identify the normal anatomy of the scrotum Explain the vascular supply to the scrotal contents Describe patient positioning, scanning protocol, and technical considerations for an ultrasound examination of the scrotum Discuss the role of color and spectral Doppler in scrotal imaging Describe the ultrasound characteristics of scrotal pathology Key Terms Centripetal arteries Cremasteric artery Cremasteric…

The Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss the embryology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands Describe the normal anatomy and physiology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands Define the relational anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands Discuss the laboratory values and clinical findings of the thyroid and parathyroid glands Describe the sonographic examination of the thyroid and parathyroid glands Differentiate…

Breast

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe breast anatomy and sonographic layers Understand breast physiology Explain the difference between breast screening and breast imaging Summarize the indications for the use of ultrasound in breast imaging Describe the correct sonographic technique for imaging the breast Know how to use standard methods of identifying and labeling breast anatomy and masses Identify the sonographic…

Sonographic Techniques in the Transplant Patient

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Understand the complexity of and criteria for receiving a transplant Gain knowledge of surgical techniques of liver, renal, and pancreatic transplants Identify the necessary imaging protocol needed for imaging the transplanted organ Recognize and define normal sonographic features of the transplant patient Recognize and define common and complex pathologies Know the importance of imaging in…

Emergent Ultrasound Procedures

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of sonography for the trauma patient Define the goal of sonography in the assessment of blunt trauma Describe the protocol for focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) Describe the sonographic findings for aortic dissection, right upper quadrant pain, free fluid in the abdominopelvic region, acute pelvic pain, and scrotal…

Ultrasound-Guided Interventional Techniques

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: • Describe the advantages of ultrasound-guided procedures • Describe the benefits of sonographer involvement in procedures • Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of free-hand and needle-guided techniques • List potential complications of ultrasound-guided interventional techniques • Discuss techniques for finding the needle tip • Discuss indications and contraindications for the procedures discussed in this chapter…

Abdominal Applications of Ultrasound Contrast Agents

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: • List the current limitations of ultrasound imaging that may be overcome by the use of ultrasound contrast agents • Describe the properties that an ultrasound contrast agent must have to be clinically accepted • Describe the difference between tissue-specific ultrasound contrast agents and vascular agents • Describe how nonlinear contrast imaging modes improve the…

The Retroperitoneum

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Identify the retroperitoneal anatomy List the adrenal gland hormones and describe the syndromes associated with hypersecretion and hyposecretion Describe the sonographic appearance and clinical findings of adrenal tumors, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and retroperitoneal fluid collections Explain the role that sonography plays in the evaluation of para-aortic nodes and describe the sonographic technique used to visualize them…

Urinary System

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss normal anatomic location, function, and sonographic appearance of urinary system organs Discuss normal physiology of the urinary system Describe the sonographic scanning technique to image the urinary system Define and discuss the pathologies discussed in this chapter Identify and define the sonographic appearance of pathologies included in this chapter Describe the clinical signs and…

The Peritoneal Cavity and Abdominal Wall

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the normal anatomy of the abdominal wall List the peritoneal and retroperitoneal organs Compare and contrast the different locations of fluid and their sonographic appearances Discuss the pathology and sonographic findings of the peritoneal cavity, mesentery, omentum, peritoneum, and abdominal wall Key Terms Abscess Ascites Bare area Biloma Greater sac Gutters Hemorrhage Lesser sac…