Physical Address

304 North Cardinal St.
Dorchester Center, MA 02124

The Gastrointestinal Tract

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the anatomy and relational landmarks of the gastrointestinal system Discuss the size of wall thickness and diameters of the gastrointestinal tract Describe the sonographic technique used to image the gastrointestinal tract and appendix Differentiate the sonographic appearances of the pathologies covered in this chapter Key Terms Absorption Alimentary tract Appendicolith Ascites Cardiac orifice Cholecystokinin…

The Pancreas

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the normal anatomy and relational landmarks of the pancreas Name the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas Describe the laboratory tests used to detect pancreatic disease Describe the sonographic technique and patterns of the normal pancreas Define the clinical signs and symptoms of pancreatic disease Name the congenital anomalies of the pancreas List…

The Spleen

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: List the normal anatomy and relational landmarks of the spleen Discuss the size and primary functions of the spleen Describe the normal sonographic pattern of the spleen Explain the sonographic findings and differential diagnoses for the pathologies discussed in this chapter Key Terms Accessory spleen Amyloidosis Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Culling Erythrocyte Gastrosplenic ligament Gaucher disease…

The Gallbladder and the Biliary System

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the internal, surface, and relational anatomies of the gallbladder Explain the function of the gallbladder Differentiate the sectional anatomy of the hepatobiliary system and adjacent structures Describe the normal sonographic pattern of the gallbladder, cystic duct, hepatic ducts, and common bile duct Differentiate the sonographic appearances of the gallbladder and biliary system pathologies discussed…

The Liver

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe normal anatomy of the liver, including vascular supply and relational landmarks List the functions of the liver Describe the liver function tests and their relevance to hepatic disease Discuss the sonographic evaluation of the liver in the sagittal, transverse, and decubitus planes List the clinical signs, sonographic features, and differentials for the pathology discussed…

Vascular System

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the anatomy of the arterial system, venous system, and portal venous system Understand the function of the circulatory system Recognize the sonographic findings and pathology found in the vascular structures Define the two types of aneurysm formation Explain the factors that may cause development of an aneurysm Identify the sonographic findings in aortic dissection…

Imaging and Doppler Artifacts

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: List ways in which sonographic gray-scale images can present anatomic structures incorrectly List ways in which spectral and color Doppler displays can present motion and flow information incorrectly Describe how specific artifacts can be recognized Explain how artifacts can be handled to avoid the pitfalls and misdiagnoses that they can cause Key Terms Aliasing Comet…

Basic Ultrasound Imaging: Techniques, Terminology, and Tips

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the scanning techniques used in abdominal scanning State how to properly label a sonogram List the criteria for identifying abnormalities Explain terminology used to describe the results of ultrasound examinations Define the criteria for an adequate scan Identify abdominal sectional anatomy in the transverse and longitudinal planes Describe the use of Doppler in the…

Comparative Sectional Anatomy of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Know the abdominal quadrants and regions of the body List the body planes in the abdomen Identify the abdominal structures in the transverse and sagittal planes Discuss the difference between a coronal image and a sagittal image Compare and contrast computed tomography and magnetic resonance to ultrasound Key Terms Aorta (Ao) Caudate lobe Coronal Falciform…

Anatomic and Physiologic Relationships Within the Abdominopelvic Cavity

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to : Define and use terms for anatomic directions Discuss the body systems and their functions Know the terms for the body planes Describe and locate the abdominal quadrants and regions List the organs located in each major body cavity Identify and locate the abdominal viscera and other abdominal structures and spaces Key Terms Acidic Acidosis…

Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Issues in Sonography

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss the history of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in sonography Define Occupational Safety and Health Administration and discuss its role in sonography Define common types of work-related injury for sonographers and know what causes them Describe and apply “best practices” in sonography Outline the costs of occupational injury to yourself and your employer Discuss the ultrasound…

Essentials of Patient Care for the Sonographer

Objectives On completion of this chapter, the reader should be able to: Discuss nonscanning aspects of being a sonographer Define patient-centered care Describe patient transfer techniques Demonstrate proper placement of a blood pressure cuff on the arm Discuss the importance of proper disinfection of the transducer and ultrasound equipment Discuss Spaulding’s classification system and how it relates to ultrasound List various types of patient isolation Key…

Foundations of Clinical Sonography

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the role of the sonographer and the career path Know the historical developments in medical ultrasound List the basic principles and terminology of medical ultrasound Identify the transducers necessary for specific ultrasound applications Explain the multiple display modes on ultrasound instrumentation State the Doppler effect Key Terms AbsorptionAcoustic impedance Aliasing Amplitude Angle of incidence…

Neurointerventional Radiology for Skull Base Lesions

In this chapter, we discuss the embolization of the most common hypervascular tumors and vascular lesions occurring at the skull base (i.e., the juvenile angiofibromas [JAFs], paragangliomas [PGLs], dural arteriovenous fistula [DAVF], and traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula [CCF]). Other rare diseases such as orbital arteriovenous malformation and aneurysm at the foramen magnum are not included. We provide an introduction to the pathogenesis of these diseases, the current…

Skull Base Bone Lesions II: Benign and Malignant Tumors

Introduction Most tumors affecting the skull base result from hematogenous spread of primary malignancies outside the skull base (hematogenous bone metastases) or from direct invasion or perineural spread of neoplasms arising from neighboring structures of the suprahyoid neck. As the skull base provides a frontier between the intracranial compartment and the extracranial head and neck, the first and most important issue in the differential diagnosis of…

Skull Base Bone Lesions I: Imaging Technique, Developmental and Diffuse Bone Lesions

Introduction The skull base is a bony-cartilaginous structure, oriented in the axial plane, providing a barrier between the intracranial compartment and the extracranial head and neck. It is pierced by several neurovascular foramina, which provide a crossroad for disease to spread between these two compartments. Most tumors affecting the skull base have their origin outside the skull base proper, mainly from the suprahyoid neck, and secondarily…

Imaging of the Craniovertebral Junction

The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) supports the head and enables its flexion and rotation in three dimensions. It has a complex anatomic structure consisting of the vertebral column, paraspinal soft tissue, ligaments, and joints between the clivus, occipital bone, foramen magnum, atlas (C1), and axis (C2). In this chapter, we emphasize and discuss mainly on CVJ disorders with clinical significance. Embryology and Congenital Anomalies Embryonic development of…

Jugular Foramen

The jugular foramen is a complex bony canal containing neurovascular structures deep in the skull base. It is inaccessible to direct clinical examination and difficult to access surgically because of the surrounding critical structures. Radiology plays a central role in the diagnostic evaluation and management planning of jugular foramen lesions. Consequently, it is important to comprehend the normal anatomy of the jugular foramen, as well as…

Imaging of the Cerebellopontine Angle

Introduction The cerebellopontine angle (CPA) cistern is a subarachnoid space within the posterior cranial fossa. About 6%–10% of all intracranial masses are found in this location. Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) are the most commonly encountered lesion in the CPA, followed by meningiomas. Together these masses account for 85%–90% of all CPA tumors. Other less common entities comprise the remaining 15% of lesions, and although encountered less frequently,…

Petrous Apex

Introduction The petrous apex is the most medial portion of the temporal bone. Its deep location precludes direct clinical examination and safe percutaneous biopsy. In addition, many of the petrous apex lesions are asymptomatic or present with nonspecific symptoms such as headache, making it harder to justify an invasive procedure for diagnostic purposes. Therefore, the referring physician primarily relies upon imaging for the evaluation of petrous…