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Pathology of the Ovaries

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the effects of hormones on the ovarian cycle State the characteristics of the simple ovarian cyst and a functional ovarian cyst Discuss the sonographic findings of the common cystic and complex ovarian masses, common solid ovarian masses, and ovarian neoplasms List the characteristics of the ovarian syndromes discussed in this chapter Discuss the benign…

Pathology of the Uterus

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Define the pathologies discussed in this chapter and describe their causes, clinical signs, and sonographic findings Explain sonohysterography and the indications for performing the procedure Identify the role of Doppler in evaluating pelvic pathology Differentiate among the types of intrauterine contraceptive devices and describe the sonographic appearance of each Key Terms Adenomyosis Cervical polyp Cervical…

Sonographic and Doppler Evaluation of the Female Pelvis

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Demonstrate how to take a patient history specific to a pelvic ultrasound examination Discuss the indications and contraindications for transabdominal and transvaginal scans Name the important muscles in the pelvic cavity Describe the scan orientation for transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonography Describe both the sonographic technique for evaluating the uterus and adnexal area and their sonographic…

Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Pelvis

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Name the major landmarks of the bony pelvis and external genitalia Identify the sonographically significant muscles of the pelvic cavity Describe the pelvic organs and their functions Describe the major ligaments of the uterus and ovaries Discuss the physiology of the menstrual cycle and describe hormonal changes that occur during the various ovulatory and endometrial…

Peripheral Venous Evaluation

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the anatomy encountered during a venous duplex imaging examination Understand venous physiology as it relates to the development of peripheral venous disease List the risk factors, signs, and symptoms of venous disease Outline the proper instrument control settings used during venous duplex imaging Describe the characteristics of venous Doppler signals obtained during venous duplex…

Peripheral Arterial Evaluation

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the anatomy encountered during an arterial duplex examination Understand arterial physiology as it relates to the development of peripheral arterial disease Recognize the risk factors associated with peripheral arterial disease Discuss the changes that occur to segmental pressures and pulse volume waveforms in the presence of occlusive arterial disease Outline proper instrument control settings…

Intracranial Cerebrovascular Evaluation

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Distinguish normal from abnormal intracranial arterial anatomy Understand the circle of Willis physiology and hemodynamics Outline the technical aspects and proper instrumentation and control settings used to perform high-quality transcranial Doppler imaging Describe the characteristics of spectral Doppler waveforms obtained from arteries evaluated during a transcranial Doppler examination List the clinical applications of transcranial Doppler…

Extracranial Cerebrovascular Evaluation

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: List the risk factors, signs, and symptoms for stroke and carotid artery disease Distinguish normal from abnormal carotid anatomy Understand the physiology of the carotid arterial system Discuss the technical aspects of carotid duplex imaging Recognize pathology associated with the carotid anatomy Describe the sonographic findings associated with internal carotid artery disease, specifically stenosis and…

Fetal Echocardiography: Congenital Heart Disease

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: List the three factors that contribute to congenital heart disease Describe why the four-chamber view cannot rule out all forms of congenital heart disease Discuss the pathologic conditions covered in this chapter Discuss the echocardiographic findings for septal defects, ventricular inflow and outflow tract disturbances, great vessel abnormalities, cardiac tumors, complex cardiac abnormalities, and dysrhythmias…

Fetal Echocardiography: Beyond the Four Chambers

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Understand the embryologic development of the fetal heart Describe fetal circulation List the maternal risks factors that would require fetal echocardiography Explain how to sonographically evaluate the fetal heart with two-dimensional, M-mode, pulsed Doppler, and color flow Doppler imaging Locate fetal ultrasound landmarks Describe normal anatomy seen in the views discussed in this chapter Key…

Introduction to Clinical Echocardiography: Pericardial Disease, Cardiomyopathies, and Tumors

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Identify the echocardiographic distinction between pericardial effusion and pleural effusion Describe the echocardiographic findings in cardiac tamponade Describe the echocardiographic findings in dilated, restrictive, infiltrative, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Recognize the echocardiographic findings of tumors, thrombus, vegetations, and normal variants Key Terms Cardiac tamponade Constrictive pericarditis Dilated cardiomyopathy Exudative Fibrous pericardium Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Lipomatous hypertrophy Malignant…

Introduction to Clinical Echocardiography: Left-Sided Valvular Heart Disease

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Define the characteristics and causes of mitral regurgitation Know how to calculate the proximal isovelocity surface area method Describe the common causes of mitral stenosis Explain the causes of aortic regurgitation List the echocardiographic features of acute versus chronic aortic regurgitation State the three types of aortic stenosis and their echocardiographic features Explain how to…

Introduction to Echocardiographic Techniques, Terminology, and Tips

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Explain the transducer selection and patient position for a cardiac examination Describe the imaging planes used in echocardiography Define suprasternal, subcostal, apical , and parasternal Describe a normal cardiac examination using two-dimensional, color flow, Doppler, and M-mode imaging modes List and discuss the applications of color flow Doppler in the echocardiographic examination Key Terms Color…

Understanding Hemodynamics

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Understand the fundamental concepts of hemodynamics as applied to ultrasound State basic knowledge of the cardiac cycle, normal intracardiac pressures and volumes, cardiac output, stroke volume, and its mechanisms Describe the principles of blood flow velocity profiles, how they are displayed, and how they are evaluated by Doppler ultrasound Demonstrate knowledge of how to apply…

Anatomic and Physiologic Relationships Within the Thoracic Cavity

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the landmarks of the thoracic cavity Define the relational landmarks of the heart Discuss the function of the pericardial sac Differentiate the three layers of the heart wall Describe the anatomic landmarks of the cardiac chambers, valves, and interventricular septum Key Terms Atrioventricular valves Continuous murmur Costal margin Depolarization Diastolic murmur Electrocardiography Endocardium Epicardium…

Neonatal and Infant Spine

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the sonographic technique to image the neonatal and infant spinal column Describe the sonographic appearance of normal anatomy of the spinal cord, the dura, the nerve roots, and the cauda equina Describe how to determine the level of the lumbar vertebrae in the sonographic examination Describe the different clinical presentations associated with a tethered…

Infant and Pediatric Hip

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss anatomy of the neonatal hip Describe normal movements of the hip Describe sonographic evaluation of the neonatal hip, including technique and protocol Describe the normal sonographic appearance of the neonatal hip Describe the sonographic evaluation of the neonatal hip for developmental displacement of the hip Define the Barlow and Ortolani maneuvers Differentiate between subluxation…

Neonatal and Infant Head

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Recognize normal neuroanatomy as it pertains to the ultrasound examination of the preterm and term neonate Describe the coronal, sagittal, and mastoid view studies Discuss the sonographic findings in neonatal brain pathology Key Terms Aqueductal stenosis Asphyxia Atrium (trigone) of the lateral ventricle Brainstem Caudothalamic groove or notch Cerebellum Cerebrum Chiari malformations Choroid plexus Dandy-Walker…

Neonatal and Pediatric Adrenal and Urinary System

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss the sonographic approach to imaging neonatal/pediatric kidneys and adrenal glands Distinguish normal anatomy and sonographic findings from abnormal findings List and discuss the pathologic conditions covered in this chapter Key Terms Adrenal hemorrhage Angiomyolipomas Arcuate artery Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) Congenital mesoblastic nephroma Cortex Corticomedullary differentiation…

Neonatal and Pediatric Abdomen

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Understand the different pediatric stages/ages and how to increase patient cooperation List the more common hepatobiliary, pancreatic, and splenic reasons for acute abdominal pain in the pediatric population List the more common acquired and hereditary diseases and how pediatric sonography can monitor the associated chronic or malignant processes List the causes of jaundice in the…