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Musculoskeletal System

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Identify the normal anatomic location and function of the tendon, ligament, muscle, nerve, and bursa Know the advantages and disadvantages of sonographic artifacts in musculoskeletal imaging Summarize the basic sonographic examinations of the shoulder, wrist/hand, and ankle Distinguish normal anatomy from common pathologic conditions of the musculoskeletal system Key Terms Achilles tendon Acromioclavicular (AC) joint…

Scrotum

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Identify the normal anatomy of the scrotum Explain the vascular supply to the scrotal contents Describe patient positioning, scanning protocol, and technical considerations for an ultrasound examination of the scrotum Discuss the role of color and spectral Doppler in scrotal imaging Describe the ultrasound characteristics of scrotal pathology Key Terms Centripetal arteries Cremasteric artery Cremasteric…

The Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss the embryology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands Describe the normal anatomy and physiology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands Define the relational anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands Discuss the laboratory values and clinical findings of the thyroid and parathyroid glands Describe the sonographic examination of the thyroid and parathyroid glands Differentiate…

Breast

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe breast anatomy and sonographic layers Understand breast physiology Explain the difference between breast screening and breast imaging Summarize the indications for the use of ultrasound in breast imaging Describe the correct sonographic technique for imaging the breast Know how to use standard methods of identifying and labeling breast anatomy and masses Identify the sonographic…

Sonographic Techniques in the Transplant Patient

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Understand the complexity of and criteria for receiving a transplant Gain knowledge of surgical techniques of liver, renal, and pancreatic transplants Identify the necessary imaging protocol needed for imaging the transplanted organ Recognize and define normal sonographic features of the transplant patient Recognize and define common and complex pathologies Know the importance of imaging in…

Emergent Ultrasound Procedures

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of sonography for the trauma patient Define the goal of sonography in the assessment of blunt trauma Describe the protocol for focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) Describe the sonographic findings for aortic dissection, right upper quadrant pain, free fluid in the abdominopelvic region, acute pelvic pain, and scrotal…

Ultrasound-Guided Interventional Techniques

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: • Describe the advantages of ultrasound-guided procedures • Describe the benefits of sonographer involvement in procedures • Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of free-hand and needle-guided techniques • List potential complications of ultrasound-guided interventional techniques • Discuss techniques for finding the needle tip • Discuss indications and contraindications for the procedures discussed in this chapter…

Abdominal Applications of Ultrasound Contrast Agents

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: • List the current limitations of ultrasound imaging that may be overcome by the use of ultrasound contrast agents • Describe the properties that an ultrasound contrast agent must have to be clinically accepted • Describe the difference between tissue-specific ultrasound contrast agents and vascular agents • Describe how nonlinear contrast imaging modes improve the…

The Retroperitoneum

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Identify the retroperitoneal anatomy List the adrenal gland hormones and describe the syndromes associated with hypersecretion and hyposecretion Describe the sonographic appearance and clinical findings of adrenal tumors, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and retroperitoneal fluid collections Explain the role that sonography plays in the evaluation of para-aortic nodes and describe the sonographic technique used to visualize them…

Urinary System

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss normal anatomic location, function, and sonographic appearance of urinary system organs Discuss normal physiology of the urinary system Describe the sonographic scanning technique to image the urinary system Define and discuss the pathologies discussed in this chapter Identify and define the sonographic appearance of pathologies included in this chapter Describe the clinical signs and…

The Peritoneal Cavity and Abdominal Wall

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the normal anatomy of the abdominal wall List the peritoneal and retroperitoneal organs Compare and contrast the different locations of fluid and their sonographic appearances Discuss the pathology and sonographic findings of the peritoneal cavity, mesentery, omentum, peritoneum, and abdominal wall Key Terms Abscess Ascites Bare area Biloma Greater sac Gutters Hemorrhage Lesser sac…

The Gastrointestinal Tract

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the anatomy and relational landmarks of the gastrointestinal system Discuss the size of wall thickness and diameters of the gastrointestinal tract Describe the sonographic technique used to image the gastrointestinal tract and appendix Differentiate the sonographic appearances of the pathologies covered in this chapter Key Terms Absorption Alimentary tract Appendicolith Ascites Cardiac orifice Cholecystokinin…

The Pancreas

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the normal anatomy and relational landmarks of the pancreas Name the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas Describe the laboratory tests used to detect pancreatic disease Describe the sonographic technique and patterns of the normal pancreas Define the clinical signs and symptoms of pancreatic disease Name the congenital anomalies of the pancreas List…

The Spleen

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: List the normal anatomy and relational landmarks of the spleen Discuss the size and primary functions of the spleen Describe the normal sonographic pattern of the spleen Explain the sonographic findings and differential diagnoses for the pathologies discussed in this chapter Key Terms Accessory spleen Amyloidosis Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Culling Erythrocyte Gastrosplenic ligament Gaucher disease…

The Gallbladder and the Biliary System

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the internal, surface, and relational anatomies of the gallbladder Explain the function of the gallbladder Differentiate the sectional anatomy of the hepatobiliary system and adjacent structures Describe the normal sonographic pattern of the gallbladder, cystic duct, hepatic ducts, and common bile duct Differentiate the sonographic appearances of the gallbladder and biliary system pathologies discussed…

The Liver

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe normal anatomy of the liver, including vascular supply and relational landmarks List the functions of the liver Describe the liver function tests and their relevance to hepatic disease Discuss the sonographic evaluation of the liver in the sagittal, transverse, and decubitus planes List the clinical signs, sonographic features, and differentials for the pathology discussed…

Vascular System

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the anatomy of the arterial system, venous system, and portal venous system Understand the function of the circulatory system Recognize the sonographic findings and pathology found in the vascular structures Define the two types of aneurysm formation Explain the factors that may cause development of an aneurysm Identify the sonographic findings in aortic dissection…

Imaging and Doppler Artifacts

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: List ways in which sonographic gray-scale images can present anatomic structures incorrectly List ways in which spectral and color Doppler displays can present motion and flow information incorrectly Describe how specific artifacts can be recognized Explain how artifacts can be handled to avoid the pitfalls and misdiagnoses that they can cause Key Terms Aliasing Comet…

Basic Ultrasound Imaging: Techniques, Terminology, and Tips

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the scanning techniques used in abdominal scanning State how to properly label a sonogram List the criteria for identifying abnormalities Explain terminology used to describe the results of ultrasound examinations Define the criteria for an adequate scan Identify abdominal sectional anatomy in the transverse and longitudinal planes Describe the use of Doppler in the…

Comparative Sectional Anatomy of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Know the abdominal quadrants and regions of the body List the body planes in the abdomen Identify the abdominal structures in the transverse and sagittal planes Discuss the difference between a coronal image and a sagittal image Compare and contrast computed tomography and magnetic resonance to ultrasound Key Terms Aorta (Ao) Caudate lobe Coronal Falciform…