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Fetal Urogenital System

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to : Discuss the development of the urogenital and genital system Describe the sonographic appearance of the fetal kidneys and bladder Detail the complications of renal agenesis Describe the sonographic findings associated with abnormalities of the kidney Differentiate renal cystic disease Distinguish between different types of urinary obstruction Identify congenital malformations of the genital system Key…

The Fetal Abdomen

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the development of the digestive system and list the unique features of the fetal abdomen Describe normal development of the stomach and the importance of its sonographic visualization Define abnormalities of the fetal gastrointestinal tract and hepatobiliary system and describe their sonographic findings Key Terms Anorectal atresia Asplenia Choledochal cyst Cholelithiasis Cystic fibrosis Duodenal…

The Fetal Anterior Abdominal Wall

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the embryology of the abdominal wall Define and describe the anterior abdominal wall abnormalities discussed in this chapter List the sonographic findings for an omphalocele and for a gastroschisis Identify the fetal anomalies in pentalogy of Cantrell Explain the sonographic findings in a fetus with amniotic band syndrome Key Terms Amniotic band syndrome Beckwith-Wiedemann…

The Fetal Thorax

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the development of the thoracic cavity List the normal sonographic features of the thorax and diaphragm Describe the development and consequences of pulmonary hypoplasia Differentiate between solid and cystic lesions of the lung Discuss the sonographic findings in a diaphragmatic hernia Key Terms Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy Bronchogenic cyst Congenital bronchial atresia Congenital cystic adenomatoid…

Fetal Neural Axis

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to : Describe the embryology of the neural tube fetal brain development Discuss the anomalies that can occur in the fetal head and spine Recognize the sonographic appearance of fetal head and spine anomalies Key Terms Acrania Alobar holoprosencephaly Anencephaly Anomaly Cebocephaly Cyclopia Cystic hygroma Holoprosencephaly Hydranencephaly Hydrocephalus Macrocephaly Meningocele Meningomyelocele Myeloschisis Spina bifida Spina bifida…

Fetal Face and Neck

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss basic embryology of the face Describe how to sonographically evaluate the fetal face and neck for normal features Define the most common face and neck congenital anomalies discovered sonographically in utero Key Terms Agnathia Anotia Anophthalmia Arhinia Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome Branchial cleft cyst Cebocephaly Cephalocele Craniosynostosis Cyclopia Cystic hygroma (CH) Dacryocystocele Epignathus Encephalocele Ethmocephaly Exophthalmia…

Amniotic Fluid and Fetal Membranes

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe how amniotic fluid is derived Describe the production of amniotic fluid List the functions of amniotic fluid Describe methods for assessing amniotic fluid volume Determine abnormal volumes of amniotic fluid Understand the significance of ruptured membranes Describe the significance of amniotic band syndrome Differentiate amniotic band syndrome from amniotic sheets with sonography Distinguish between…

The Umbilical Cord

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the development and normal anatomy of the umbilical cord Predict obstetric problems that may be associated with abnormal umbilical cord dimensions Discuss the umbilical cord disorders presented in this chapter, including causes and clinical significance Differentiate how the sonographer may distinguish tumors and cysts from a true knot in the umbilical cord Key Terms…

Placenta

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe embryogenesis of the placenta List the functions of the placenta List and describe imaging techniques and sonographic findings of the placenta Identify placental position and describe its importance Describe the sonographic findings and clinical significance of placental pathologies Recognize placental abruption with diagnostic ultrasound Key Terms Abruptio placentae Basal plate Chorion frondosum Chorionic plate…

Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Anomalies

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe methods of genetic screening testing, including maternal serum markers and cell-free DNA Describe methods of diagnostic genetic screening testing, including chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis Describe the ultrasound technique of amniocentesis Discuss how anomalies are transmitted genetically Detail the prevalence and prognosis of the most common chromosomal anomalies Describe the sonographic appearance of chromosomal…

Sonography and High-Risk Pregnancy

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Define high-risk pregnancy Describe the maternal and fetal factors for a pregnancy that are considered high risk Discuss the role of sonography in the high-risk pregnancy Key Words Acardiac anomaly Advanced maternal age (AMA) Anasarca Caudal regression syndrome Conjoined twins Detailed fetal anatomic survey ultrasound Dizygotic Eclampsia Fetus papyraceous Hydrops Hydrops fetalis Hyperemesis gravidarum Maternal…

Fetal Growth Assessment by Sonography

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe how intrauterine growth restriction may be detected by sonography Differentiate between symmetric and asymmetric intrauterine growth restriction List which growth parameters should be used to assess intrauterine growth restriction Describe how to perform a biophysical profile on a fetus Discuss quantitative and qualitative Doppler measurements as applied to obstetrics Analyze the significance of macrosomia…

Obstetric Measurements and Gestational Age

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss gestational sac growth, take measurements, and assess gestational age Describe how to perform a crown-rump measurement and evaluate growth Measure, calculate the biparietal diameter, head circumference, three-dimensional cranium, abdominal circumference, and extremity measurements Assess fetal parameter measurements, proportions, and fetal growth Describe when other measurements should be used to provide additional clinical information Evaluate…

Sonography of the Second and Third Trimesters

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: List the components of a standard obstetric examination in the second and third trimesters, recognize and describe the fetal anatomy recommended for review Define terminology specific to fetal presentation and fetal situs Specify equipment and policies required for facilities performing obstetric sonography Describe sonographic techniques used to image specific fetal structures Describe normal fetal anatomy…

First-Trimester Complications

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe viable and nonviable pregnancy with appropriate terminology List sonographic features of failed pregnancy Describe sonographic findings of retained products of conception Explain the clinical and sonographic findings in ectopic pregnancy Discuss the normal range for fetal cardiac rhythm Describe the cranial abnormalities seen in the first trimester Distinguish among normal bowel herniation, gastroschisis, and…

The Early Embryonic Stage of the First Trimester

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the early development of the embryo and its sonographic appearance at different gestational ages Explain the clinical roles of first-trimester maternal serum biochemistry Define the sonographic characteristics of the yolk sac, embryo, amnion and chorion, and gestational sac Describe the sonographic measurements performed in the first trimester and the goals of first-trimester sonography Key…

Clinical Ethics for Obstetric Sonography

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Identify multiple sources of moral beliefs in a pluralistic society Differentiate morality from ethics Describe the application of nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, veracity, and autonomy in various settings where sonographic examinations are performed Define the principle of beneficence in clinical ethics Define the principle of respect for autonomy in clinical ethics Identify beneficence-based obligations to the…

The Role of Sonography in Obstetrics

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss indications for obstetric sonography Analyze the differences among standard, limited, and specialized obstetric sonography examinations List maternal risk factors that increase the chances of producing a fetus with congenital anomalies Recount important questions to ask the patient before beginning the obstetric sonography examination Describe the biologic effects of diagnostic medical ultrasound energy and related…

Role of Ultrasound in Evaluating Female Infertility

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Define infertility and list its treatment options List the female pelvic organs to be imaged in an infertility workup State anatomic variations or pathologies that need to be defined when imaging an infertility patient List complications that may occur because of infertility treatments Key Terms Assisted reproductive technology (ART) Embryo transfer Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)…

Pathology of the Adnexa

Objectives On completion of this chapter, you should be able to: List the causes of and risk factors for pelvic inflammatory disease Describe the sonographic findings of salpingitis, pyosalpinx, tubo-ovarian abscess, endometrioma, and adenomyosis Identify the locations of endometrial implants in the body Explain the development of endometritis in the postpartum patient Discuss the role of ultrasound in pelvic inflammatory disease Key Terms Adenomyosis Endometrioma Endometriosis…