Development of Esophagus The esophagus is the first section of the foregut and begins at the distal end of the pharynx. As with the rest of the digestive tract, the cells that line the lumen of the esophagus are derived from endoderm. The supporting structures of the esophagus come from two different sources, although they are all innervated by the vagus nerve. The muscles and connective…
Development of Mouth and Pharynx The lining of the primitive gut tube is derived from the embryonic endoderm and the supporting tissues and mesentery from the visceral layer of lateral plate mesoderm. The amniotic cavity expands around the developing embryo to create the body wall but leaves the endoderm/ectoderm connection at the oropharyngeal membrane and caudally at the cloacal membrane. The early mouth, stomodeum, is formed…
Development of Gastrointestinal Tract We will take a very short tour of early development prior to the trilaminar embryo stage, at which time we will follow the development of the gastrointestinal tract in detail. Thereafter, for each region of the gastrointestinal tract, we will begin with a short summary of the specific embryology relevant to the structures in that region. The single-celled zygote begins dividing roughly…
Development of Large Intestine The development of the large intestine is intimately tied to the development of other organs. The cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and transverse colon are part of the midgut and develop alongside the jejunum and ileum. The descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum are hindgut structures and develop in conjunction with the urogenital system. During normal development, the midgut elongates tremendously and herniates…
Development of Small Intestine The small intestine includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. During development of the gastrointestinal system, the duodenum comes from the distal portion of the foregut, whereas the jejunum and ileum come entirely from the midgut. The duodenum moves to the right of the midline as the stomach rotates and shifts to the left side of the abdomen during weeks 4 to 6…
Blood Supply of Small and Large Intestines The blood supply to the small and large intestines is extremely variable and unpredictable. The variations concerning the origin, course, anastomoses, and distribution of the intestinal vessels are so frequent and so significant that conventional textbook descriptions are inadequate and, in many respects, even misleading, a situation much the same as that of the blood supply of the upper…
Development of Pancreas The foregut is the first segment of the gut tube within the abdomen. It is attached to the anterior body wall by a ventral/anterior mesentery and posteriorly by a dorsal/posterior mesentery, the latter distributing blood from the dorsal aorta via the celiac arterial trunk. Two diverticula extend from the foregut, one dorsally and the other ventrally. The dorsal pancreatic bud extends into the…
Development of Gallbladder and Bile Ducts The foregut is the first segment of the gut tube within the abdomen. It is attached to the anterior body wall by a ventral/anterior mesentery and posteriorly by a dorsal/posterior mesentery, the latter supplying blood from the dorsal aorta via the celiac arterial trunk. Two diverticula extend from the foregut, one dorsally and the other ventrally. The dorsal pancreatic bud…
Development of Liver The foregut is the first segment of the gut tube within the abdomen. It is attached to the anterior body wall by a ventral/anterior mesentery and to the posterior wall by a dorsal/posterior mesentery, the latter supplying blood from the dorsal aorta via the celiac arterial trunk. Two diverticula extend from the foregut, one dorsally and the other ventrally. The dorsal pancreatic bud…
1 Head and Neck Study Guide 1.1 Topographic Surface Anatomy Study Aims At the end of your study, you should be able to: Identify the key landmarks in the midline of the neck and their significance State the structures that are situated at the level of C6 Outline the boundaries of the triangles of the neck Describe the landmarks for palpation of the main arteries, which…
Section 1 Introduction Plates 1–21 Plate 1 Body Planes and Terms of Relationship This plate summarizes anatomical planes of study and terms of anatomical relationship. Note that in these images, the subject is always in a consistent anatomical position, with the head and toes directed anteriorly and the arms lateral to the trunk with the palms facing anteriorly. The left image shows three key anatomical planes of study:…
Surface Anatomy 491‒494 Hip, Buttock, and Thigh 495‒515 Knee 516‒523 Leg 524‒534 Ankle and Foot 535‒549 Nerves 550‒554 Regional Imaging 555‒556 Structures with High Clinical Significance Tables 8.1‒8.2 Nerves of Lumbosacral Plexus Tables 8.3‒8.4 Muscles Tables 8.5‒8.8 Electronic Bonus Plates BP 103‒BP 112 Electronic Bonus Plates BP 103 Arteries of Knee and Foot BP 104 Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Hip: Axial View BP 105 Arteries of Thigh…
Surface Anatomy 422‒426 Shoulder and Axilla 427‒439 Arm 440‒445 Elbow and Forearm 446‒461 Wrist and Hand 462‒481 Nerves and Vasculature 482‒489 Regional Imaging 490 Structures with High Clinical Significance Tables 7.1‒7.2 Nerves of Brachial Plexus Tables 7.3‒7.4 Muscles Tables 7.5‒7.8 Electronic Bonus Plates BP 96‒BP 102 Electronic Bonus Plates BP 96 Arteries of Arm and Proximal Forearm BP 97 Arteries of Forearm and Hand BP 98…
Surface Anatomy 352 Bony Pelvis 353‒357 Pelvic Diaphragm and Viscera 358‒368 Urinary Bladder 369‒371 Female Internal Genitalia 372‒376 Female Perineum and External Genitalia 377‒380 Male Perineum and External Genitalia 381‒388 Homologies of Male and Female Genitalia 389‒390 Male Internal Genitalia 391‒392 Rectum and Anal Canal 393‒399 Vasculature 400‒410 Nerves of Perineum and Pelvic Viscera 411‒419 Cross-Sectional Anatomy 420‒421 Structures with High Clinical Significance Tables 6.1‒6.3 Muscles…
Surface Anatomy 267 Abdominal Wall 268‒287 Peritoneal Cavity 288‒293 Stomach and Intestines 294‒301 Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, and Spleen 302‒307 Visceral Vasculature 308‒318 Visceral Nerves and Plexuses 319‒329 Kidneys and Suprarenal Glands 330‒343 Lymphatics 344 Regional Imaging 345‒346 Cross-Sectional Anatomy 347‒351 Structures with High Clinical Significance Tables 5.1‒5.3 Muscles Table 5.4 Electronic Bonus Plates BP 53‒BP 83 Electronic Bonus Plates BP 53 Inguinal and Femoral Regions BP…
Surface Anatomy 202 Thoracic Skeleton 203‒204 Mammary Glands 205‒208 Thoracic Wall and Diaphragm 209‒216 Lungs, Trachea, and Bronchi 217‒230 Heart 231‒250 Mediastinum 251‒261 Cross-Sectional Anatomy 262‒266 Structures with High Clinical Significance Tables 4.1‒4.3 Muscles Table 4.4 Electronic Bonus Plates BP 41‒BP 52 Electronic Bonus Plates BP 41 Cervical Ribs and Related Variations BP 42 Muscle Attachments of Ribs BP 43 Muscles of Respiration BP 44 Intrapulmonary…
Surface Anatomy 178 Vertebral Column 179–185 Spinal Cord 186–194 Muscles and Nerves 195–199 Cross-Sectional Anatomy 200–201 Structures with High Clinical Significance Table 3.1 Muscles Tables 3.2–3.4 Electronic Bonus Plates BP 33–BP 40 Electronic Bonus Plates BP 33 Ligaments of Vertebral Column BP 34 Cervical Spine: Radiographs BP 35 Cervical Spine: MRI and Radiograph BP 36 Thoracolumbar Spine: Lateral Radiograph BP 37 Lumbar Vertebrae: Radiographs BP 38…
Surface Anatomy 22‒24 Bones and Joints 25‒47 Neck 48‒58 Nose 59‒82 Mouth 83‒90 Pharynx 91‒102 Larynx and Endocrine Glands 103‒109 Eye 110‒120 Ear 121‒126 Brain and Meninges 127‒142 Cranial and Cervical Nerves 143‒162 Cerebral Vasculature 163‒175 Regional Imaging 176‒177 Structures with High Clinical Significance Tables 2.1–2.4 Cranial Nerves Tables 2.5–2.8 Branches of Cervical Plexus Table 2.9 Muscles Tables 2.10–2.14 Electronic Bonus Plates BP 14–BP 32 Electronic…
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Thorax 1. a) T; b) T; c) T; d) F; e) F 2. a) F; b) T; c) T: d) T; e) T 3. a) T; b) F; c) T; d) T; e) F 4. a) T; b) T; c) T; d) T; e) T 5. a) T; b) F; c) T; d) F; e) T 6. a) F; b) T; c) T; d) F; e)…