Human Anatomy, Color Atlas and Textbook

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Thorax 1. a) T; b) T; c) T; d) F; e) F 2. a) F; b) T; c) T: d) T; e) T 3. a) T; b) F; c) T; d) T; e) F 4. a) T; b) T; c)…

Introduction The back consists of the vertebrae, the intervertebral joints and ligaments, and the muscles that clothe their posterior and lateral aspects ( Fig. 8.1 ). The vertebral column encloses the spinal cord and its meninges. The vertebral column comprises…

Introduction The bones of the head and neck include the skull, the mandible and the cervical vertebrae ( Fig. 7.1 ). The skull (cranium) comprises the neurocranium, which contains the brain and meninges, and the bones of the face (viscerocranium),…

Introduction The lower limb supports the body during standing and locomotion. The hip (coxal) bone ( Fig. 6.1 ) provides attachment for muscles of the buttock and thigh, which link the limb to the trunk. The hip joint, between the…

Introduction The pelvic cavity is in direct continuity with the abdominal cavity. It extends downwards and backwards within the confines of the bony pelvis as far as the pelvic floor (pelvic diaphragm), inferior to which lies the perineum. Some anatomists…

Introduction The abdomen is separated from the thorax above by the diaphragm, and below is continuous with the pelvis at the pelvic inlet. Passing through the diaphragm are the aorta, oesophagus and inferior vena cava. Because the diaphragm is strongly…

Introduction The upper limb (extremity) comprises several bones and their joints ( Fig. 3.1 ), clothed by soft tissues. For descriptive purposes, the limb is divided into regions ( Fig. 3.2 ), each enveloped by fascia and containing muscles with…

Introduction The thorax is the region of the trunk that includes the sternum, costal cartilages, ribs and thoracic vertebrae, together with the structures they enclose. Superiorly, the thorax is limited by the upper surfaces of the first ribs and their…

Terms of Position and Movement To avoid ambiguity and confusion, anatomical terms of position and movement are defined according to an internationally accepted convention. This convention defines the anatomical position as one in which the human body stands erect with…