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Epidermodysplasia verruciformis

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare genetic disease characterized by an impaired immune response to human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV-associated cutaneous oncogenesis. The exact prevalence of EV is unknown; however, about 500 cases have been described…

Epidermal nevi

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Epidermal nevi (EN; OMIM162900) are congenital hamartomas of embryonal ectodermal origin classified on the basis of their major component. The components may be sebaceous, apocrine, eccrine, follicular, or keratinocytic. An estimated one-third of individuals with EN…

Eosinophilic fasciitis

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Eosinophilic fasciitis (EF), also known as Shulman syndrome , is a rare fibrosing disorder characterized by the rapid onset of symmetric induration of the extremities. The trunk and neck are affected less commonly; the distal digits…

Drug eruptions

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Drug eruptions are among the most frequent adverse reactions in patients receiving drug therapy. They have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, are caused by various drugs, and result from varied pathophysiologic mechanisms. Hence, their diagnosis…

Dress syndrome: drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms/drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DiHS)

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), also known as drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DiHS), is considered to result from complex interactions between genetic predisposition, exposure to drug, and viral reactivation. DRESS is characterized by multiorgan…

Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Dissecting cellulitis ( perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens ) is a rare inflammatory disease of the scalp characterized by multiple fluctuant nodules and abscesses over the vertex and occipital region associated with interconnecting sinus tract formation…

Discoid lupus erythematosus

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is the most common type of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE). Lesions typically occur on the scalp, face, and ears, although they can be generalized. The lesions are photodistributed and are scaly,…

Discoid (nummular) eczema

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Discoid eczema comprises relatively well-defined, usually multiple, coin-sized plaques. In the acute stages they often weep or ooze; in the chronic phase lesions are discrete, hyperkeratotic, or lichenified. Itching is usual. It primarily affects the limbs…

Diaper dermatitis

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Open full size image Diaper (napkin) dermatitis encompasses a broad set of conditions, although the most common form is irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). ICD usually presents as erythema and mild scaling on the convex surfaces of…

Dermatomyositis

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Dermatomyositis (DM) is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy characterized by cutaneous disease, including a heliotrope eruption, Gottron papules, photodistributed erythema and poikiloderma, and/or periungual changes. Patients with cutaneous lesions of DM often have weakness of the proximal…

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare soft tissue tumor that represents 0.1% of all cancers and 1.8% of all soft tissue sarcomas. However, it is the most common type of cutaneous sarcoma, mainly affecting adults (30–50…

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a cutaneous manifestation of celiac disease (CD). More than 85% of patients with DH have a gluten-sensitive enteropathy (CD) that varies in clinical and histologic severity. The skin and intestinal disease both…

Dermatitis artefacta

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Dermatitis artefacta (DA), also known as factitious dermatitis , is a rare psychiatric condition in which patients self-induce a variety of skin lesions. The motive for creating the lesions is often a conscious or unconscious psychological…

Delusions of parasitosis

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Delusions of parasitosis (DOP) is a form of delusional disorder, somatic type. It is a type of monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis and is also known as Morgellons disease, delusions of infestation, and Ekbom disease. Patients with this…

Decubitus (pressure) ulcers

Acknowledgement The authors would like to acknowledge Joseph A. Witkowski for his contributions to this chapter. Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports From Istanbul Medeniyet University Department of Dermatology archive. Open full size image Pressure ulcers (decubitus ulcers, bed sores, pressure sores, to torsion stress) represent…

Darier disease

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Darier disease (DD) is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with an incidence of 1:25,000–1:100,000. Patients begin to develop malodorous, greasy, and crusted hyperkeratotic papules in seborrheic and flexural areas around puberty. DD is caused by…

Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a necrotizing vasculitis that predominately involves medium-sized arteries. Small arteries may also be targeted, but small vessels (arterioles, capillaries, and venules) are not. Classic PAN is characterized by fever, weight loss, cutaneous…

Cutaneous larva migrans

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans (Hr-CLM) is a disease caused by percutaneous penetration and migration of animal hookworm larvae in the human skin, most commonly Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala, and Bunostomum phlebotomum. People at risk…

Cutaneous candidiasis and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Courtesy of Christos Zouzias. Open full size image Cutaneous Candidiasis Cutaneous candidiasis is typically caused by Candida albicans , which exists as normal flora of human skin as well as in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems. Overgrowth of Candida species…

Cryptococcosis

Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports Open full size image Cryptococcosis is a systemic mycosis acquired most commonly by the respiratory route with the primary focus of infection in the lungs. It is caused by yeasts associated with avian excreta of which there are two species…