D efinition — Perforation of the uterus, usually during endometrial sampling. Clinical Features Epidemiology Perforation is a rare complication of endometrial sampling. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

D efinition — A preservation artifact in the endometrial epithelium leading to epithelial discohesion and exfoliation. Clinical Features Epidemiology Exfoliation artifact has been noted in association with hysteroscopic biopsies secondary to fluid instillation during the procedure. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

D efinition — Attenuation of the functionalis due to compressing smooth muscle tumor. Clinical Features Epidemiology Similar to uterine leiomyomas. Frequently associated with uterine polyps. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

D efinition — Infection of the uterus (endometrium) by Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Clinical Features Epidemiology Involvement of the uterus by tuberculosis (TB) is exceedingly rare, due to modern treatment. Patients with uterine involvement often have systemic (or miliary) disease. Uterine involvement is most commonly seen in immunocompromised patients. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership…

D efinition — Extensive necroinflammatory debris within the uterine cavity. Clinical Features Epidemiology Overall rare (0.1% to 0.5% of women) but more commonly occurs in postmenopausal women. Associated with a wide range of disorders, including cervical stenosis, leiomyomata, retained IUD, and prior radiotherapy. There is a small but significant risk (5% to 10%) of associated malignancy. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for…

D efinition — Granular material that may be found in association with intrauterine devices. Clinical Features Epidemiology The finding of granular material associated with intrauterine device (IUD) use is not uncommon, happening in slightly less than 10% of patients. To date, no microbial association has been made with pseudoactinomycotic radiate granules (PAMRAGs). You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy…

D efinition — Chronic inflammatory process within the uterus often associated with infection. Clinical Features Epidemiology Chronic endometritis (CE) is thought to represent an infectious process. CE is strongly associated with the presence of pelvic inflammatory disease and acute salpingitis. Virtually all organisms described that can cause sexually transmitted diseases have been implicated in CE. In young patients the most common cause is infection during a…

D efinition — An endometrial polyp composed of benign smooth muscle and glands. Clinical Features Epidemiology Adenomyomatous polyps are a variant of endometrial polyp with smooth muscle differentiation. They are often found in association with conventional polyps. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

D efinition — Endometrium with both secretory and proliferative pattern glands. Clinical Features Epidemiology True mixed-pattern endometrium is relatively uncommon and can be attributed to four likely causes: 1. Hormonal imbalance (therapy) 2. Irregular ovulation 3. Defects in follicle development 4. Clonal lesions The most common cause of a mixed pattern is hormonal imbalance secondary to therapy or assisted reproduction. You’re Reading a Preview Become a…

D efinition —Artifactual compression of glands during the biopsy process. Clinical Features Epidemiology Telescoping artifact is common and can be identified in a large proportion of endometrial biopsies. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

D efinition —An exaggerated response to unopposed estrogen but lacking the features of endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) (atypical hyperplasia). Clinical Features Epidemiology Most commonly seen at or around menopause with failed ovulation and persistent follicle. Common in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Abnormal uterine bleeding in the fourth or fifth decade is the most common presenting sign. Can be mimicked by estrogen administration post menopause. You’re Reading…

D efinition —Alterations in the endometrium due to lack of ovulation and estrogenic effects of a persistent follicle. Clinical Features Epidemiology Most commonly seen at or around menopause with failed ovulation and persistent follicle. Common in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Abnormal uterine bleeding in the fourth or fifth decade is the most common presenting sign. Can be mimicked by excessive estrogen administration post menopause. You’re Reading…

D efinition — Scheduled menstrual breakdown and abnormal stromal breakdown histologically mimicking adenocarcinoma. Clinical Features Epidemiology The presence of stromal breakdown within an endometrial biopsy is relatively common; fortunately, however, extensive breakdown, mimicking neoplasia, is relatively uncommon. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

D efinition — Bleeding that occurs in the absence of ovulation and is not associated with an endometrial structural abnormality or other visible cause (fibroid or polyp). Clinical Features Epidemiology Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is common, more frequently seen near menopause. Based on histology, the pattern suggests failed follicle and/or the absence of progression to the luteal phase with mid or early cycle shedding. You’re Reading…

D efinition — A polyp of the cervix composed of mature glial tissue. Clinical Features Epidemiology Extremely rare. Signifies retained glial tissue from a prior pregnancy based on genetic studies. Reproductive age group. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

D efinition — A generally benign, peripheral nerve sheath tumor. Clinical Features Epidemiology Rare, limited to occasional case reports. Most reported cases—benign and malignant—occur in the third to eighth decades. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

D efinition — A proliferation of specialized cuboidal cells derived from the squamocolumnar junction that gives rise to reserve cells, squamous metaplasia, and can harbor squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs). Clinical Features Epidemiology Most commonly occurs in young women with an uncertain relationship to hormones. Occasionally occurs in women not receiving hormonal therapy, as well as postmenopausal women. Likely a proliferation of multipotential squamocolumnar junction–type cells. You’re…

D efinition — A benign, discrete proliferation of smooth muscle stroma and endocervical glands. Clinical Features Epidemiology Adenomyomas and polypoid adenomyomas of the cervix are rare. The majority of these lesions occur within the uterine cavity, not at the cervix. The mean age at diagnosis is 40 years. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership…