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Chronic obstructive pyelonephritis

Definition Pathologic changes secondary to chronic obstruction of the urinary outflow Clinical features Epidemiology Obstruction is more common in males during childhood (ureteropelvic obstruction, posterior urethral valves, and other congenital anomalies), in females during adulthood (gynecologic diseases), and in males at an older age (prostatic diseases). Increased pressure, reflux of urine with leakage into the interstitium, and ischemia of the inner medulla are key factors promoting…

Chronic nonobstructive pyelonephritis

Definition Pathological changes observed in the kidney as the result of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), intrarenal reflux, and repeated UTIs; also termed reflux nephropathy Clinical features Epidemiology VUR occurs in approximately 1% of children and is found in 30%–50% of children investigated for UTIs. Siblings of children affected with VUR are at higher risk. Of the patients receiving dialysis, 11%–20% have a diagnosis of chronic pyelonephritis not…

Acute pyelonephritis

Definition Acute suppurative inflammation of the kidney caused by bacterial infection, due most commonly to ascent from a lower urinary tract infection and less commonly to hematogenous spread in septic patients Clinical features Epidemiology Common, with 15–17 cases annually per 10,000 population in women and 3–4 cases per 10,000 in men Incidence varying with age A trimodal distribution in females, with an elevated incidence in girls…

Simple cortical cyst

Definition An acquired cystic lesion with fluid collection in the kidney; may originate from diverticula of the distal renal tubules or collecting ducts. Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Acquired cystic renal disease

Definition Development of bilateral and multiple renal cysts in patients whose chronic renal failure cannot be attributed to a hereditary etiology Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Medullary sponge kidney

Definition Cystic dilatation of papillary collecting ducts of one or more renal pyramids Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Definition A late-onset, autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the progressive development of innumerable cysts in the kidney, leading to renal insufficiency. Associated with mutations in the PKD1 gene on chromosome 16 (16q13.3) in 85% of patients, or the PKD2 gene on chromosome 4 (4q21–23) in approximately 15% of cases PKD1 encodes the protein polycystin 1. PKD2 encodes the protein polycystin 2. Clinical features You’re Reading a…

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

Definition Rare, early onset, autosomal recessive inherited polycystic kidney disease Associated with single gene ( PKHD1 ) mutation on chromosome 6p21–23 PKHD1 gene encodes polyductin/fibrocystin Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Localized cystic disease of the kidney

Definition Localized cystic disease (LCD) involves part of a, or rarely entire, kidney with multiple cysts surrounded by normal renal parenchyma. Also known as unilateral cystic disease or segmental cystic disease. Clinical features Epidemiology Rare Median age 33.3 (range 18–56) years You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in…

Renal dysplasia

Definition A congenital developmental renal malformation resulting from abnormal nephrogenesis related to the inability of the ureteric bud to communicate with the metanephric blastema Clinical features Epidemiology Relatively common, affecting 1 in 1000 of the general population. About 10% of cases have a family history of renal and urinary tract malformations. Two phenotypes are described with urinary tract abnormality; multicystic dysplasia and obstructive dysplasia. You’re Reading…

Secondary spread of prostate carcinoma to the bladder

Definition Secondary involvement of the urinary bladder by prostatic carcinoma, most often by direct extension Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Molecular genomics of bladder cancer

Overview Bladder cancers are heterogeneous at the molecular level with two distinct oncogenic pathways. Recent genomic and molecular studies have been focused on muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Molecular classification based on genetic and molecular alterations characterized by multiple platforms has been proposed for MIBC. Molecular classification is useful for prognostication and therapy response prediction. Dual-track pathway in bladder carcinogenesis Urothelial cancer (UC) develops via two…

Paraganglioma

Definition Neoplasm derived from the paraganglial cells in the bladder wall Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Squamous cell carcinoma

Definition Malignant epithelial neoplasm composed entirely of tumor cells with squamous differentiation Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Urachal adenocarcinoma

Definition Primary adenocarcinoma that arises from urachal remnants Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Clear cell adenocarcinoma

Definition Distinct variant of bladder adenocarcinoma characterized by neoplastic cells with clear, eosinophilic cytoplasm Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Adenocarcinoma

Definition Malignant neoplasm showing pure glandular phenotype Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here