Definition Adrenal cortical rests, or heterotopia, are aggregates of ectopic cortical adrenal tissue that may be present anywhere along the genitourinary tract. Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition A benign congenital condition that is a form of splenogonadal fusion involving the spleen and testis Clinical features Epidemiology Rare developmental condition You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition Failure of the testis to descend from an abdominal position through the inguinal canal into the scrotum during fetal development Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition Anatomy Located within the scrotum, connected to the spermatic cord The scrotal wall consists of skin, dartos muscle, Colles fascia, and tunica vaginalis (parietal). Mean weight: 21.6 g for the right testis and 20.0 g for the left Mean volume: 20 mL Mean size: 4.5 × 3.0 × 2.5 cm You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited…
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Definition Urothelial carcinoma arising primarily in the ureter Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition Nonneoplastic urothelium-lined polypoid mesenchymal proliferation Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition Retroperitoneal fibrosis encompasses a spectrum of inflammatory and fibrosing diseases involving the retroperitoneal structures. Etiology not clearly understood in 2/3 cases; hence, idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (IRF) Some studies argue that IRF is part of the spectrum of IgG4-related disease. Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log…
Definition Obstruction of the flow of urine from the renal pelvis to the proximal ureter due to partial or total blockage at the ureteropelvic junction that can be congential or acquired Can be caused by structural abnormality (intrinsic disorganization, extrinsic compression mainly from crossing vessels) or by functional anomaly Clinical features Epidemiology Most common cause of pediatric hydronephrosis, occurring in 1 per 1000–2000 newborns Sporadic in…
Definition A well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm arising within the renal parenchyma Clinical features Epidemiology Rare tumor (fewer than 100 cases reported) Average age, 52 years (range, 27–78 years) No gender predilection May arise occasionally in a horseshoe kidney or renal teratoma You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition An extremely rare spindle cell tumor with rare epithelial differentiation and the characteristic translocation t(X;18)(p11.2;q11) Clinical features Epidemiology Wide age range (15–71 years), with a mean age of 39 years No sex predilection; male-to-female ratio, 1:1 You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition Encompasses a spectrum of biphasic tumors composed of variable amounts of epithelial and stromal components, ranging from predominantly cystic tumors (adult cystic nephroma, CN) to variably solid tumors (mixed epithelial and stromal tumor, MEST) Clinical features Epidemiology Adult patients Striking female predominance, with a female-to-male ratio of 7:1 to 8:1 You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited…
Definition Lesions that arise from the specialized interstitial cells of the renal medulla, which are thought to play a role in renin release and blood pressure regulation Clinical features Epidemiology Found in up to 37%–50% in autopsies No sex predilection Rare in the first two decades of life; thereafter, increases with age; mean age, 57 years Multiple in half of cases Bilateral in nearly half of…
Definition A rare tumor differentiating toward specialized smooth muscle cells of the glomerular afferent arteriole in the juxtaglomerular apparatus; associated with renin production and hypertension Clinical features Epidemiology Rare tumor with fewer than 100 cases published Affects adolescents and young adults (mean age, 27 years) Slight female predominance (female-to-male ratio, 2:1) You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited…
Definition Angiomyolipoma (AML) composed predominantly, at least 80%, of epithelioid cells Clinical features Epidemiology Eight percent of AMLs in surgical cohorts have an epithelioid component (10% or more of the tumor). Mean age, 50 (range 30–80) years Both genders are equally affected. More than 50% of patients associated with tubular sclerosis complex (TSC) You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and…
Definition A mesenchymal neoplasm composed of variable proportions of abnormal blood vessels, cells with smooth muscle features and adipose tissue; believed to be derived from perivascular epithelioid cells (PEC); hence, also named PECOMA Clinical features Epidemiology Angiomyolipoma (AML) accounts for 1%–2% of all renal tumors in surgical specimens. Can be sporadic or associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC); sporadic AMLs 4- to 5-fold are more common…
Definition Intracaliceal mass composed of osteoid trabeculae, osteoblast-like cells, and spindle cells Clinical features Epidemiology Extremely rare Exclusively in infancy (age, 6 days to 17 months) Male predominant Left side predominant You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition Highly malignant mesenchymal tumor of pediatric kidney, also termed bone-metastasizing renal tumor of childhood for its striking predilection to metastasize to bone Clinical features Epidemiology Accounts for 3% of pediatric renal tumors, with approximately 20 new cases diagnosed annually in the United States Peak incidence between 12 and 36 months of age, with a sharp decline after that period Male-to-female ratio, 2:1 to 3:1 You’re…
Definition Highly aggressive malignant tumor composed of cells with rhabdoid morphology in pediatric patients Clinical features Epidemiology Affects young children, with mean age at diagnosis 1 year; the majority diagnosed before 2 years of age; extremely uncommon beyond 3 years old Rarely reported in older patients previously, proven to be renal cell carcinoma with rhabdoid differentiation or renal medullary carcinoma You’re Reading a Preview Become a…
Definition Rare low-grade fibroblastic neoplasm of infancy arising in the renal sinus Clinical features Epidemiology Two to four percent of pediatric renal tumors Ninety percent occur in the first year of life. Nearly all reported cases within less than 30 months of age Most common renal tumor diagnosed prenatally You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become…