General information Pemetrexed (LY231514, MTA) is an antifolate congener. It is transported into cells by the reduced folate carrier and undergoes intracellular polyglutamylation, resulting in a persistent cytotoxic metabolite, which targeting several enzymes simultaneously, including dihydrofolate reductase, thymidylate synthase, GARFT, and AICARFT [ ]. Pemetrexed was approved as monotherapy for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer and in combination with cisplatin for the treatment…

General information Pegvisomant is a genetically engineered growth hormone analogue that acts as a growth hormone receptor antagonist and is used to treat acromegaly. Drug studies Observational studies In 229 patients with a 9 year history of acromegaly who were treated with pegvisomant in a mean dose of 16.5 mg/day for a median duration of 1 year, adverse events included injection site reactions, including erythema, swelling,…

General information Pegaptanib is a pegylated anti-VEGF aptamer, which is used to treat wet age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema [ ]. Drug studies Observational studies Adverse reactions to intravitreal injection of pegaptanib (0.3, 1, or 3 mg every 6 weeks) over 2 years have been reported in 1190 patients who took part in two concurrent, prospective, randomized, multicenter, double-masked, sham-controlled studies [ ]. The…

See also Fluoroquinolones General information Pefloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. It is effective against Plasmodium yoelii infections in mice. General adverse effects and adverse reactions The adverse effects of pefloxacin and reactions to it are those of the fluoroquinolones. Gastrointestinal complaints occur in some 3–6% and have included (in declining order of frequency) nausea, abdominal discomfort, vomiting, and diarrhea. Colitis…

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See also Fluoroquinolones General information Pazufloxacin is an injectable quinolone antibiotic with bactericidal effect against cephalosporin-resistant, carbapenem-resistant, and aminoglycoside-resistant strains of bacteria. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Imatinib General information Pazopanib is a potent, selective, broad-spectrum, multi-targeted inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases, including VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, PDGFR-α/β, and c-kit. Total disease control in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma was 82%. The most common adverse events included rises in aminotransferase activities, diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, hair depigmentation, and hypertension. According to an interim analysis, adverse reactions led to drug withdrawal in 5%…

General information The family of Passifloraceae contains the single genus Passiflora incarnata , which contains over 500 species. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Human parvovirus B19 is the causative agent of fifth disease, a rash-like disease of childhood, and in adults can cause arthralgia and chronic arthritis [ , ] and pure red cell aplasia [ ]. However, it has more serious consequences in pregnant women, in whom it can cause hydrops fetalis or abortion, and in patients with chronic or acquired immunodeficiency, in whom it can…

See also Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) General information Paroxetine is a phenylpiperidine derivative and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Pharmacokinetics The half-life of paroxetine is about 17–22 hours and about 95% of it is bound to plasma proteins. Its metabolites have no more than 1/50 of the potency of the parent compound in inhibiting serotonin re-uptake. The metabolism of paroxetine is accomplished in part…

General information Parenteral nutrition should be tailored to the needs of the individual, but on average should provide about 25 kcal Solutions for long-term parenteral nutrition should contain: about 30% carbohydrate, usually in the form of glucose, providing 60% of the energy requirements; 30–50% fat in the form of a lipid emulsion such as soya oil; amino acids, 150–250 kcal/g of nitrogen; sodium and potassium; calcium,…

See also COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs) General information Parecoxib sodium is an injectable COX-2 inhibitor developed for the treatment of acute pain. It is a prodrug of a sulfonamide-based COX-2 inhibitor, valdecoxib, a potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug. The published information on this compound is inadequate to draw any conclusion about its tolerability. Single-dose and multiple-dose studies have not shown any safety problems compared with placebo […

General information Both intact parathyroid hormone (e.g. PTH 1–34 , teriparatide) and smaller N-terminal fragments PTH 1–84 are used therapeutically. Recombinant PTH 1–34 is called teriparatide. No adverse reactions have been reported with single infusions of up to 60 mg of synthetic human parathyroid hormone in diagnostic procedures [ , ]. Although bone resorption increases if the hormone is given continuously or in high doses, it…

General information Paraldehyde is the cyclic trimer of acetaldehyde, a colorless or slightly yellow-colored liquid. It has been used as an anticonvulsant, but because of adverse reactions and because it is difficult to use it has been replaced by more modern agents. However, it is still sometimes used to treat status epilepticus that is resistant to first-line drugs [ ]. The usual adult rectal dose is…

General information Paraffin is a name that is commonly used to denote a group of saturated alkane hydrocarbons with the general formula C n H 2n+2 , where “n” is greater than 20. They take both solid and liquid forms. The solid form known as paraffin wax was discovered by Karl Reichenbach in 1830. Paraffins are mostly obtained from petroleum. Paraffin oil, used as a fuel,…

General information More than a century after its introduction, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is by far the most commonly used analgesic, sharing its leading position with the relative newcomer paracetamol (acetaminophen), and notwithstanding the fact that other widely used compounds, such as ibuprofen, have in recent years been introduced in over-the-counter versions. Both are also still prescribed by physicians for mild to moderate pain, fever associated with…

General information Parabens (methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid) are used as preservatives in concentrations of 0.1–0.3% in pharmaceutical formulations and in concentrations of 0.01–0.1% in cosmetics and foods. In such concentrations they are devoid of systemic adverse effects, but allergic reactions have been reported. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership…

General information Papaverine is an alkaloid present in opium, but it is not related chemically or pharmacologically to other opium alkaloids. It has a direct relaxant effect on smooth muscle, partly attributable to inhibition of phosphodiesterase. Systemic adverse reactions reported are hypotension and dizziness and, in rare cases, abnormal liver function tests [ ]. Organs and systems Cardiovascular Severe hypotension has been reported after intracisternal instillation…

See also Opioid receptor agonists General information Papaveretum (Omnopon, Pantopon) is a mixture of several opium alkaloids. Organs and systems Urinary tract Renal insufficiency has been reported in a 60-year-old patient after the use of papaveretum for perioperative analgesia [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in…

General information The genera in the family of Papaveraceae ( Table 1 ) include a variety of poppies and the greater celandine. Table 1 Genera of Papaveraceae Arctomecon (bear poppy) Glaucium (horn poppy) Platystigma (queen poppy) Argemone (prickly poppy) Hunnemannia (hunnemannia) Roemeria (roemeria) Bocconia (bocconia) Macleaya (macleaya) Romneya (Matilija poppy) Canbya (pygmy poppy) Meconella (fairy poppy) Sanguinaria (bloodroot) Chelidonium (celandine) Papaver (poppy) Stylophorum (stylophorum) Dendromecon (tree…