General information Pipecuronium bromide is a bisquaternary steroid analogue of pancuronium. In vitro pipecuronium reversibly inhibits both human red cell acetylcholinesterase and human plasma cholinesterase to an extent that might have clinical implications [ ]. Its potency is similar to that of pancuronium and its onset and duration are also approximately the same. Accumulation can occur [ ], and maintenance doses should be one-quarter to one-sixth…

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See also Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists General information Pindolol is a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with β 2 -adrenoceptor agonist action and some membrane-stabilizing activity [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Anticholinergic drugs General information Pinaverium bromide is an anticholinergic drug [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Neuroleptic drugs General information Pimozide is a diphenylbutylpiperidine neuroleptic drug, structurally similar to the butyrophenones. Organs and systems Cardiovascular Pimozide can cause QT interval prolongation and torsade de pointes; a total of 40 cases (16 deaths) of serious cardiac reactions, mainly dysrhythmias, were reported to the Committee on Safety of Medicines in the UK from 1971 to 1995 [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview…

See also Phosphodiesterase type III inhibitors General information Pimobendan is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type III with calcium-sensitizing properties in the myocardium. It has been associated with a worrisome albeit non-significant increase in mortality in patients with chronic congestive heart failure [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member.…

General information Pimecrolimus is a non-steroidal ascomycin derivative with topical anti-inflammatory activity. In a 1% cream it is effective and safe in atopic dermatitis in infants, children, and adults [ ], although its efficacy has been questioned [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Antidysrhythmic drugs General information Pilsicainide is a class Ic antidysrhythmic drug, which blocks the fast inward sodium channel and is used to treat supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias [ ]. Drug studies Observational studies In 40 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation pilsicainide was given either as 75 or 150 mg tds ( n = 25) or as a single oral dose of 100 mg (…

General information Pilocarpine is an antagonist at acetylcholine receptors [ ]. While it is mainly used in the eye in the treatment of glaucoma, pilocarpine is occasionally used for other purposes, for example for treating salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia [ ]. When used in this way, cardiovascular tolerance was good but there was a high incidence of sweating, flushing, increased frequency of micturition, increased nasal…

See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) General information Piketoprofen is an NSAID that has been used topically as the hydrochloride salt. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

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General information Picibanil (OK 432) is derived from Streptococcus pyogenes and has been used as a sclerosant in the treatment of cancers [ , ], lymphangiomas [ , ], benign neck cysts [ ], and lymphatic malformations [ ]. Low-grade fever, nausea and vomiting, and an inflammatory reaction at the injection site were commonly reported, whereas joint pain and mild liver dysfunction were seldom described. You’re…

See also Opioid receptor agonists General information Picenadol is a racemic mixture of an N-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine derivative. It has mixed opioid agonist–antagonist properties, because the dextrorotatory isomer is a potent opioid agonist and the levorotatory isomer is an opioid antagonist. Picenadol also has anticholinergic activity. Adverse reactions include drowsiness, dizziness, and light-headedness [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and…

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General information Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring, polyphenolic, non-steroidal plant compounds that are structurally similar to 17β-estradiol and have estrogenic and/or antiestrogenic effects. These effects are mediated by binding to estrogen receptors, by alterations in the concentrations of endogenous estrogens, and by binding to or stimulation of the synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin. There are four main groups of phytoestrogens: isoflavonoids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and lignans […

See also Phenols General information Spermicides are produced in a variety of formulations, including gels, foams, creams, suppositories, pessaries, capsules, foaming tablets, and melting films. Spermicides are also used in conjunction with other methods, such as diaphragms, condoms, and sponges, but also with intrauterine contraceptive devices and methods based on fertility awareness [ ]. Contraceptive sponges are controversial: do they act by delivering spermicides or as…

General information Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) have been reviewed [ , ]. Most are composed of bland synthetic materials or contain in addition a small amount of metallic copper. Others are designed to release either progesterone or a synthetic progestogen (for example levonorgestrel) [ , ]. IUCDs that release levonorgestrel are somewhat more effective than copper-containing devices, while those that release progesterone are less effective […

General information Photochemotherapy, which consists of oral (and sometimes topical) administration of psoralens (the furocoumarins 5-methoxypsoralen, 8-methoxypsoralen, and trioxysalen) plus long-wave ultraviolet radiation, known as PUVA, is a well-established effective treatment for psoriasis, which has also been used for vitiligo [ ], mycosis fungoides, alopecia areata, dyshidrotic eczema, atopic dermatitis, and certain other skin diseases. Guidelines for treatment have been recommended [ , ]. Bathwater delivery…

General information Sildenafil is a potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type V, and therefore of the breakdown of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the corpora cavernosa. The increased concentration of cGMP leads to nitric oxide-mediated relaxation of the smooth muscle cells and vasodilatation in the corpus cavernosum, which is essential for normal erection. Thus, sildenafil increases the penile response to sexual stimulation and is effective in erectile…

General information Phosphodiesterase type IV is a major regulator of cyclic adenosine monophosphate metabolism in many cell types, including smooth muscle, proinflammatory calls, and immune cells [ ]. Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type IV, such as apremilast, cilomilast, and roflumilast, inhibit the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor alpha in monocytes, monocyte-derived derived dendritic cells, and macrophages and inhibit CD4 + T cell proliferation and production of cytokines…