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Piracetam

General information Piracetam is a so-called “nootropic” drug, one of a class of drugs that affect mental function [ ]. In healthy volunteers it improves the higher functions of the brain involved in cognitive processes, such as learning and memory. Its mechanisms of action are not known but may include increased cholinergic neurotransmission. It has been used to improve cognitive function in a variety of circumstances,…

Piperazine

General information Piperazine is an antihelminthic drug that selectively blocks the neuromuscular cholinergic receptors of worms. It is readily absorbed, but has a highly variable half-life. The adult oral dose of 4 g of piperazine hydrate has been used extensively in the treatment of ascariasis. It has been abandoned in most developed countries, primarily because of concerns about possible carcinogenicity and electroencephalographic changes [ ]. General…

Piperaquine

General information Piperaquine is a synthetic 4-aminoquinoline with high blood schizonticidal activity, similar to that of chloroquine [ ]. It was developed in the 1960s by Shanghai Pharmaceutical Industry Research (China) and Rhone Poulenc (France) and has been combined with dihydroartemisinin (as Artekin™) to provide a cheap and reasonably well-tolerated, short-course treatment for P. falciparum , with a high cure rate against drug-resistant parasites. Artekin™ has…

Piperaceae

General information The family of Piperaceae contains three genera: 1. Lepianthes (lepianthes) 2. Peperomia (peperomia) 3. Piper (pepper) Piper methysticum Kava or awa ( Piper methysticum ) is a plant that grows in the South Pacific Islands. Eight species have been identified by the local cultivators on the basis of its habitat, such as mountainous versus lowland, in shade versus in full sun. In the Pacific…

Pipecuronium bromide

General information Pipecuronium bromide is a bisquaternary steroid analogue of pancuronium. In vitro pipecuronium reversibly inhibits both human red cell acetylcholinesterase and human plasma cholinesterase to an extent that might have clinical implications [ ]. Its potency is similar to that of pancuronium and its onset and duration are also approximately the same. Accumulation can occur [ ], and maintenance doses should be one-quarter to one-sixth…

Pindolol

See also Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists General information Pindolol is a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with β 2 -adrenoceptor agonist action and some membrane-stabilizing activity [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Pinaverium bromide

See also Anticholinergic drugs General information Pinaverium bromide is an anticholinergic drug [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Pimozide

See also Neuroleptic drugs General information Pimozide is a diphenylbutylpiperidine neuroleptic drug, structurally similar to the butyrophenones. Organs and systems Cardiovascular Pimozide can cause QT interval prolongation and torsade de pointes; a total of 40 cases (16 deaths) of serious cardiac reactions, mainly dysrhythmias, were reported to the Committee on Safety of Medicines in the UK from 1971 to 1995 [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview…

Pimobendan

See also Phosphodiesterase type III inhibitors General information Pimobendan is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type III with calcium-sensitizing properties in the myocardium. It has been associated with a worrisome albeit non-significant increase in mortality in patients with chronic congestive heart failure [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member.…

Pimecrolimus

General information Pimecrolimus is a non-steroidal ascomycin derivative with topical anti-inflammatory activity. In a 1% cream it is effective and safe in atopic dermatitis in infants, children, and adults [ ], although its efficacy has been questioned [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Pilsicainide

See also Antidysrhythmic drugs General information Pilsicainide is a class Ic antidysrhythmic drug, which blocks the fast inward sodium channel and is used to treat supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias [ ]. Drug studies Observational studies In 40 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation pilsicainide was given either as 75 or 150 mg tds ( n = 25) or as a single oral dose of 100 mg (…

Pilocarpine

General information Pilocarpine is an antagonist at acetylcholine receptors [ ]. While it is mainly used in the eye in the treatment of glaucoma, pilocarpine is occasionally used for other purposes, for example for treating salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia [ ]. When used in this way, cardiovascular tolerance was good but there was a high incidence of sweating, flushing, increased frequency of micturition, increased nasal…

Piketoprofen

See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) General information Piketoprofen is an NSAID that has been used topically as the hydrochloride salt. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Picibanil

General information Picibanil (OK 432) is derived from Streptococcus pyogenes and has been used as a sclerosant in the treatment of cancers [ , ], lymphangiomas [ , ], benign neck cysts [ ], and lymphatic malformations [ ]. Low-grade fever, nausea and vomiting, and an inflammatory reaction at the injection site were commonly reported, whereas joint pain and mild liver dysfunction were seldom described. You’re…

Picenadol

See also Opioid receptor agonists General information Picenadol is a racemic mixture of an N-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine derivative. It has mixed opioid agonist–antagonist properties, because the dextrorotatory isomer is a potent opioid agonist and the levorotatory isomer is an opioid antagonist. Picenadol also has anticholinergic activity. Adverse reactions include drowsiness, dizziness, and light-headedness [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and…