See also Vitamins General information The pantothenic acid derivatives include pantothenic acid, pantothenol, dexpanthenol, and hopantenic acid. Pantothenic acid (vitamin B 5 ) has been proposed as a treatment for hair loss. It has been used to treat pantothenic acid deficiency, acne, and rheumatoid arthritis. Over the past 30 years, only mild adverse reactions, such as rash and diarrhea, have been reported. Hopantenate (calcium d -(+)-4-(2,…

See also Proton pump inhibitors General information Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor. Drug studies You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Neuromuscular blocking drugs, non-depolarizing General information Pancuronium bromide is a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant [ ] with two quaternary ammonium groups on a steroid (androstane) skeleton. It is about 5–7 times as potent as d -tubocurarine. Protein binding occurs to both albumins and globulins, probably only to a relatively slight extent (10–20%), although reports vary from 10% to 90%. In contrast to most other non-depolarizing…

General information Pancreatic enzyme supplements are used to treat people who lack pancreatic secretions. Pancreatin is an extract of pancreas, and contains enzymes with proteinase, amylase, and lipase activity; most commercial formulations are similar or identical [ ]. Drug studies Observational studies The effect of oral pancreatic enzyme supplementation (Creon 10 000 in a dose of 1000 units of lipase per gram of ingested dietary fat)…

See also Monoclonal antibodies General information Palivizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits an epitope at the A antigenic site of the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus subtypes A and B [ , ]. The most common adverse reactions to palivizumab (over 5%) are rhinitis, cough, fever, pharyngitis, bronchiolitis, and diarrhea [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full…

See also Neuroleptic drugs General information Paliperidone, or 9-hydroxyrisperidone, is the major active metabolite of risperidone. It binds to both dopamine D 2 and serotonin 5HT 2A receptors, and antagonism at these receptors is thought to account for its therapeutic activity in schizophrenia. It was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2007 for acute and maintenance treatment of schizophrenia; it is available in…

See also Cytotoxic and immunosuppressant drugs General information Paclitaxel is a complex plant product derived from the bark of the yew tree, Taxus brevifolia . It has been used for the treatment of metastatic carcinoma of the ovary and breast. It has also been investigated in the treatment of other carcinomas, including non-small-cell lung cancer, malignant melanoma, head and neck cancers, acute leukemias, and Kaposi’s sarcoma.…

General information Oxytocin is a hypothalamic nonapeptide that selectively stimulates the smooth muscle of the uterus and mammary glands. It is used in the induction or augmentation of labor and to prevent postpartum hemorrhage, and is well tolerated and effective in a wide range of infusion rates and concentrations. Contraindications to its use include placenta previa or vasa previa, a previous classical uterine incision, pelvic structural…

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General information Oxymetazoline and xylometazoline are alpha-adrenoceptor agonists used topically as nasal decongestants [ ]. They have higher affinities for most α-adrenoceptor subtypes than adrenaline and noradrenaline. Oxymetazoline has a significantly higher affinity for α 1A receptors than xylometazoline but a lower affinity for α 2B receptors. Drug studies Observational studies During a period of 32 months, 101 cases of xylometazoline exposure were observed in children…

General information The duration and extent of hyperoxygenation during anesthesia are generally limited. However, in intensive care, a patient’s exposure to oxygen can become prolonged and dangerous. Oxygen toxicity can cause adverse effects in numerous tissues, including the lungs, nervous system, eyes, red blood cells, and liver, because of their susceptibility to chemical toxicity by mechanisms such as lipid peroxidation [ ]. Organs and systems You’re…

General information Oxyfedrine is a vasodilator that has been used in angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Oxycodone is an opioid analgesic that is 1.5 times as potent as morphine and has a longer duration of action. Drug studies Studies of modified-release oxycodone are detailed below under Drug formulations. Comparative studies The postoperative analgesic effects of intravenous ketamine 10 mg and oxycodone 2 mg have been compared in a randomized, double-blind study in 40 tonsillectomized men [ ]. There were no…

See also Anticholinergic drugs General information Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic drug that is used to treat bladder detrusor instability. It can cause all the adverse reactions that would be expected from its anticholinergic action [ ]. Drug studies Placebo-controlled studies Oxybutynin 15 mg/day has been compared with a newer anticholinergic agent, tolterodine 4 mg/day, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study in 293 patients with…

See also Anesthetics, local General information Oxybuprocaine is an ester of para-aminobenzoic acid. It is a local anesthetic used in ophthalmology. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Oxolamine citrate is a synthetic derivative of 3,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-oxodiazole. It has been used to treat cough in some European countries, initially in Italy [ , ] and later in France [ , ] and elsewhere [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Anticholinergic drugs and Ipratropium bromide General information Oxitropium is an anticholinergic drug used in the treatment of asthma [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Antiepileptic drugs and Carbamazepine General information Oxcarbazepine is the 10-keto analogue of carbamazepine and a prodrug for monohydroxycarbazepine, to which it is rapidly reduced. Its efficacy and tolerability profiles are similar to those of carbamazepine, from which oxcarbazepine differs in kinetic profile (lack of autoinduction, linear kinetics, half-life of 10–20 hours, elimination by glucuronidation), lower allergenicity, greater antidiuretic activity, possibly slightly better central nervous…